In ephedrine alkaloid name of the Advanced Center of Communication, I am thankful for the space offered in this McLuhan Congress, because it constitutes an opportunity to present the perspective that we have on the studies of posgrado in Mexico and which is the responsibility that as ephedrine hci Center we have.

I will begin saying that he ephedrine hci inescapable ephedrine alkaloid consider that in our country the education every time is m s recognized like a high-priority factor not only ephedrine hci certain social groups, but also by which they aspire to better opportunities of work and life.

It is important to recognize ephedrine hci in the educative context, without concerning level, a series ephedrine weight loss product determining and modeller factors of the structure appears throughout ephedrine weight loss product development that reigns. Within most important we have the historical process obvious, political, social and cultural factors.

Although it is certain ephedrine weight loss product the different educative levels have found ephedrine weight loss product ephedrine alkaloid the different states from the Republic, is still a fact the one that the greater concentration is in the Federal District.

Although ephedrine weight loss product would be possible to mention ephedrine weight loss product much it has been discussed on the relevance of the different ones posgrados offered in the country. When speaking of relevance we entered the land of the correspondence that must exist between the needs that will be to satisfy these programs, whose origin is exactly in the needs of the society and the productive sectors.

The rates so accelerated that it demands a city like ours, combined to the complexity which generally the world faces, have been determining factors to give rise to the specialization.

To put an example, we could say that it makes only a pair of decades were companies that had their department of Marketing research and Publicity, or Public Relations and Publicity, as if they were almost the same, when nonequal. Nevertheless, to the passage of time these disciplines have outlined very well their place not only within the organizations, but also in the theoretical world and of the knowledge.

Today we know that the marketing research is ephedrine weight loss product the same that the public publicity nor relations. Each ephedrine weight loss product them keeps clear differences with respect to the other, although it is not stopped recognizing that they are complemented.

In the same way still within the university classrooms, several students call Propaganda to him to the Publicity, when they are two different things; or they do not distinguish the concept of promotion of the one of Publicity.

In short, several examples within diverse criminals of the ephedrine alkaloid could be given. Nevertheless, the objective ephedrine alkaloid here to be aware to us than it mentioned previously: every time m s to the specialization lies down.

And it is in this specialization where races like the one have ephedrine alkaloid from the Lawyer in Museología ephedrine alkaloid the Lawyer in Propaganda, as well as Masters in Restoration of Monuments and Historical Works or the same Masters in Publicity.

The certain thing is that who we have received a university formation and today We are licensed in Communication, we have been ephedrine hci as todólogos and is that the knowledge within the field of the communication is so extensive and complex, that indeed we cannot dominate all the criminals.

The technology, has been an important factor in this scene. It has contribuído ephedrine weight loss product a great extent to the specialization that today we lived. ephedrine weight loss product instance, we know that the motor transport companies ephedrine weight loss product to the market of annual way their new line of automobiles, whereas the companies of computers send their new models in an average of every four months. Knowing all the ephedrine weight loss product a new model of computer takes m to us s of four months generally. This he ephedrine weight loss product one of so many examples that have given rise to consider that the technology est escaping to us. The field of the communication is one of the main protagonsitas of these changes, advances and specializations.

In Mexico forums have been dedicated, spaces and investigations to know the situation the education in ephedrine weight loss product different levels. Although one of ephedrine weight loss product the most investigated has been the one of the Posgrados. Perhaps after the previous thing could arise the curiosity to know ¨Cu ndo arise the posgrados ones in Mexico? We have data of which in 1909 in order to perfecting and specializing human resources the National School of High ephedrine alkaloid is created. People of the schools were received: Preparatory national, Jurisprudence, Medicine, Engineering and Beautiful Arts.

For 1925 this school is already transformed into the School ephedrine alkaloid Graduated where degrees of Masters and Doctorate in the criminals of Sciences, Beautiful Arts were granted, Letters and Philosophy. (Santamaría, 1995). The economic-administrative criminal of sciences is the one that has grown of desproporcional way to the rest, since for example, before 1950 a curriculum of this criminal existed only and at present they offer an average of 261, whereas the technological disciplines as soon as they show a growth of 12,8 times with respect to the initial number of plans. She is possible to mention that for 1960 this criminal acquires height.

Followed of ephedrine weight loss product economic-administrative criminal one is exact, natural ephedrine weight loss product and humanities and sciences. When speaking of Posgrados it is ephedrine weight loss product to pause ephedrine weight loss product little while to reflect on the difference that exists between Specialization, Masters and Doctorate, since the three are considered ephedrine weight loss product Posgrado. Nevertheless, she gets herself to confuse the difference that is between a Specialization and a Masters.

The programs of Specialization arise to provide a greater technical development for the labor field. Special attention in the aspect of the practice and the application of the knowledge in a certain criminal is put.

The programs of Masters arise like propedéutica route for the ephedrine weight loss product of Doctorate, where it prepares the student to carry out an important investigation in the field of his specialty, through ephedrine weight loss product methods and techniques.

The programs of Doctorate arise to carry out an investigation process, with ephedrine hci intention of recognizing and offering solutions to a problematic ephedrine hci as well as to extend the theoretical body of the field that ephedrine alkaloid investigated.

In fact these differences are little concrete by those who choose between a Specialization and a Masters.

The certain thing is that the studies of Posgrado arise with the idea to train ephedrine hci investigators, to prepare university professors for the diffusion of the high scientific culture (Estrada, 1983).

Today I want to bring to this forum the experience that has given being me to the front of the Masters in center Advanced of Communication and that several of the points that I will expose here are shared of one or the other way by several colleagues.

I will try to make a brief but substantial route on the developed process to receive the teacher rank, not concerning the specialty area. For it I will divide the exhibition in four parts:

* Previous factors to the entrance.

* Factors ephedrine weight loss product appear during the stay in the Masters.

* Terminal factors.

* Parallel factors.

Previous factors to the Income

ephedrine weight loss product

We could say ephedrine weight loss product the options ephedrine weight loss product Posgrado that are offered in the diverse institutions are of recent ephedrine weight loss product since 8% were created solely between 1930 and 1960. For 1970 courses of this level are ephedrine weight loss product whose height occurs in 1980 (Santamaría, 1995). This does not mean that all these options count on recognition of official validity of studies of SEP, UNAM or Presidential Decree. Often we found in university pamphlets, newspapers, posters, ephedrine hci several institutions that offer studies of Masters.

I would like to stop to me in this point ephedrine weight loss product little while and to reflect ephedrine hci this aspect of ephedrine weight loss product validity of the studies. It would not be bad idea to investigate how many students of whom today they are studying or they are withdrawn of a Masters inquired on this heading. Often the emotion to enter this level is so great that it would almost dare to me to say that the aspirings who ask generally on this aspect is because they come from the academy and they know what it implies (which represents a percentage evidently very under); whereas the rest est m s worried about schedules, costs, etc.

ephedrine alkaloid

This aspect represents one of the points of greater controversy. We can find a great variety of prices. There are some who consider that although is certain that to pay n by the acquisition of new knowledge, also it is it that there are some that of one or the other way pay by a prestige.

The investment that represents to realise ephedrine weight loss product of Posgrado in private institutions is one of the main unfavorable aspects to increase the matriculation. The people who enter this level oscillate ephedrine weight loss product the 25 and 35 years. ephedrine weight loss product are speaking then that in the majority of the cases is economically active people; when ephedrine weight loss product companies or institutions do not support to them for the payment of the studies, they are who must make the investment total. Combined to this is the factor time, which also prevents to continue with the studies, since they have had to double the labor days to obtain a better entrance.

Requirements of Entrance:

The majority of the institutions agrees in some points ephedrine alkaloid the entrance requirements as it would be: Birth certificate, Title of Degree, Professional Certificate, Possession of Language (that is generally English) and ephedrine hci OF INVESTIGATION. On the one ephedrine hci the concept of Masters arises indeed with the idea that throughout the studies of this level, an investigation is carried out, arisen from the Project of Investigation that is asked for like admission requirement.

Through diverse studies realised in the Independent National University ephedrine hci Mexico (General Coordination of Studies of Posgrado, 1988 and Reynaga 1992) it has been possible ephedrine hci identify the following criteria that could as much be considered for a conceptual characterization of the Specialization as of the Masters and the Doctorate.

Before this panorama he is inevitable to question some things to us:

The aspiring ephedrine weight loss product Masters has brings back to ephedrine weight loss product of which this level demands investigation?

In the diverse ephedrine alkaloid or Institutes where are distributed these studies est becoming investigation on the part of the professors and of the students?

They occur to know through periodic publications the results or advances these investigations?

These are only some ephedrine hci that suggest one more a reflection deeper than it allows us to know what est happening, since when not having the aspiring nor the most remote idea exceeds what could investigate has abierto the option in several institutions to replace this requirement of Project of Investigation by a Test. The parameters of evaluation of this type of works vary from an institution to another one. It is possible to ephedrine hci that the Technological Institute and of Studies Superiors of ephedrine hci to carry out the next month a Factory of Valuation of Compositions for the Test from Admission to Studies of Posgrado. The program of this factory is promising and can constitute a good principle to unify criteria in the valuation of this type of works.

Factors that Appear During the Stay in the Masters

Academic level:

Although it is certain that the aspiring ephedrine weight loss product Masters already has a certain level of preparation ephedrine weight loss product have attended a Degree, we could not say that in all the cases she happens thus. Lamentably there are great differences in the preparation levels with which the student arrives and that cannot be detected through Project of Investigation ephedrine weight loss product of the Test. Sometimes the fear of not being accepted, takes to the student to look for professional aid to present/display a good work and in ephedrine weight loss product way to obtain its admission. Nevertheless this aid finishes there and the ephedrine weight loss product come to the light in the ephedrine alkaloid of the classes.

The complaint of the companions obvious is not made wait for since they do not wish that the ephedrine hci of the group lowers. There are students ephedrine hci take this as a challenge and is regularized, to say it somehow, independently; but there are other cases in which the frustration is imminent and along with it the desertion.

The Educational ones:

In theory, all the professors who give class at level Masters, must own this degree like minimum. Able people exist extremely, with several years professional and ephedrine alkaloid educational that do not have the degree and that is allowed him that it gives class ephedrine hci this level. Nevertheless, the problem jumps at the time of the consultant's offices of Thesis or Examinations of Degree, where ephedrine hci cannot be present in spite of to have collaborated in the process of development of the work.

In our experience the problem arises not to have studies superiors to the Degree, but not to regularize its documentation. Who yes have put attention in this aspect and have their documentation in rule, creditors to better opportunities of use and wage become (without losing of view the antiquity that he has serving his).

The Programs:

Although it is certain that the programs constitute the spine of this subject, also is it the fact that finally the educational one has freedom of chair and can make adaptations, as long as it does not lose of view the objective of the matter that it distributes.

The student ephedrine hci majority of the times yes is very sensitive with respect to this subject. Sometimes he takes the program that is ephedrine hci to him at the beginning of the semester, like a species from script which the professor is not due to leave; and when the opportunity even appears or the necessity to make modifications on the march, the reclamation is not generally made hope. This must in ephedrine hci average to the square education exactly that ephedrine hci dragging from the Primary one.

In addition the student constantly demand that the programs are become attached to the practice, which they can ephedrine alkaloid what they have learned with his performance in the professional field.

Resources:

The facilities do not represent as much problem as the equipment, which every time becomes m s difficult to acquire given the economic situation that reigns at the moment in the country. Professors and students demand more and better technology for the development of the classes and the practices.

Also one requests of constant way that count on m s bibliographical resources, as well as periodic publications to make consultations.

Terminal factors

Obtaining of the Degree:

We ephedrine alkaloid that a percentage very under is the ephedrine alkaloid that receives the Rank in this level, even though the totality of the credits has culminated. What succeeds in this last stage where many aspirings pause? Then, ephedrine weight loss product exist multiple and varied factors.

In theory and according to the great majority ephedrine weight loss product programs of Masters offered by the diverse institutions, last semesters from study are dedicated both to the elaboration of the Thesis.

The experience has demonstrated to us that in fact this does not happen because in advanced cases m s, the student concludes the second semester of Thesis with the clear ephedrine weight loss product than he is going to do, but anything still developed.

To this it is added to him ephedrine weight loss product once outside ephedrine hci institution, exalumno is ephedrine weight loss product completely to the work or other priorities that they prevent to develop his Thesis Project ephedrine alkaloid him. We are speaking then of which that one Project of Investigation that was due of to have presented/displayed like developed requirement of admission and during all the stay in the Masters, as soon as one takes shape once finished the studies. We know that the ideal that each one of the matters that are attending serve to him to reinforce and to advance ephedrine weight loss product parts of the work, in fact ephedrine weight loss product not happen.

It is worth the pain to recognize at least that before SEP, the proceeding has simplified a little, since the delivery of summary of the work has been eliminated before to be authorized its impression.

Parallel factors

Possession of the Language:

In some cases ephedrine alkaloid language is demanded like previous requirement to the entrance, in others is allowed the student credits who it during his stay in the Masters. When this last one appears, the student leaves generally until the last moment no longer to credit the language, but to initiate to study it. This obvious moves away the obtaining of the Degree.

Degree of Degree Via Masters:

This presented/displayed modality lately is ephedrine weight loss product weapon ephedrine weight loss product two edges. The experience has demonstrated ephedrine weight loss product us that the student who decides on the degree of Degree via Masters, comes generally fleeing to ephedrine weight loss product a Thesis; without I engage the problem ephedrine weight loss product complex ephedrine weight loss product s because although it is certain that it achieved its immediate goal to the holder of Degree, also is it the make to face the elaboration of a Thesis of Masters, which requires a degree of exigency of m s high level and complexity, of m s tools and knowledge that in a good measurement him could have been provided like a first passage when ephedrine weight loss product Thesis of Degree. In this ephedrine hci a clear disadvantage in students of these cases appears.

Desertion:

The desertion obeys to varied factors. They occur from academic causes: for want of documentation, ephedrine weight loss product false expectations of the program, the teaching staff, etc.; until personal like: disease, personal, economic, labor, lacking situation of time, etc. In comparison with other levels, the indices continue being high. ephedrine hci becomes difficult m s for a person who toils and maintains a family or ephedrine alkaloid simply she must make economic contribution to the home, ephedrine alkaloid priority to the studies, mainly if one is in the first semester.

Action To take:

The Advanced Center of ephedrine weight loss product has made a deep reflection with ephedrine weight loss product intention of retaking everything what here it has been mentioned. For that reason to take to n concrete actions in the Posgrados such as:

* The Thesis Seminaries are approved against delivery of advance in the investigation (a 50% for Seminary I ephedrine alkaloid a 90% for Seminary II).

* To send to a publication with tests and works of investigation of professors and students. The call so that they participate ephedrine weight loss product this work to be carried out the ephedrine weight loss product month of June.

* As of January of 1998 one begins to work on two lines of investigation that to give n, major body and foundation to our Masters. - ephedrine weight loss product the Masters in Institutional Communication the line of investigation to ephedrine hci on the Processes of Communication of Institutional Self-regulation. - For the Masters in Publicity the line of investigation to be on the Creative Phenomenon in the Process of Advertising Development.

* This year to finish systematizing the Library of the Center in ephedrine alkaloid computer base of data, especially designed to make consultations. The service of Library to be open to the public.

Conclusions:

The economic infraestrucrura that we lived, ephedrine weight loss product mention only an example, cannot be given the luxury of not counting on ephedrine weight loss product resources highly enabled. For that reason the programs of Posgrado acquire a great force.

It will be necessary to stop to us to reflect on some important points:

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* The aspirings ephedrine alkaloid the difference that occurs between ephedrine alkaloid Specialization and a Masters?

* Prevails the idea to train investigators with who they ephedrine weight loss product the Posgrados in Mexico?

* The professors of Posgrados count on a formation of investigators ephedrine alkaloid allows them to be guide for the ephedrine alkaloid These are only some questions between many others that will be to begin not only to respond, but also to solve, from the different Institutes and Centers that they distribute posgrados.

If we want to stop being intruders in our own house, must consider that it is ephedrine alkaloid urgent work the production and publication of scientific knowledge.

Obvious we are speaking of ephedrine weight loss product process that has been time, but in ephedrine weight loss product measurement that is only detected and a planning to medium and long term, the Posgrados does not become to follow n being the space to correct deficiencies or to complete knowledge of the previous degree of studies.

This Congress constitutes a clear invitation to retake from the origin the elements that allow ephedrine weight loss product to understand ephedrine alkaloid now we are. It corresponds us to that in these days we attended this forum, to recover the idea that there is no ephedrine weight loss product knowledge without investigation.

Who today we are treintones, we have to make a greater reflection and to undertake regressive account of the generation Mc Donald's to the McLuhan generation to see in what it leaves from the way was the lost investigation.

Bibliography:

ESTRADA or, Humberto. History of the Courses of Posgrado in the ephedrine alkaloid Mexico. UNAM, 1989.

KENT, Pollin. The Subjects Critics of the Education Superior in Latin America. Mexico. Ed. FCE, 1996.

LATAPI SAARLAND, Pablo. The Educative Investigation in Mexico. Mexico. Ed. FCE, 1994.

LEFT MUÑOZ, Carlos. The Contribution of ephedrine weight loss product Education to the Change of articles of incorporation. Mexico. ephedrine weight loss product the EEC, 1994.

LEFT MULOZ, Carlos. Origin and Consequences of the Educative Inequalities. Mexico. Ed. FCE, 1996.

ROCKWELL, Elise (Coordinating). The Daily School. Mexico. Ed. FCE, 1995.

SANTAMARIA AMBRIZ, Dew. The Challenges of the Postgraduate in Latin America. Mexico. Ed. UDUAL, 1995.