McLuhan generation
First Special Edition
Julio 1997
The young people and television in Mexico In what the young people create?
By: Eréndira Cruzvillegas Sources **
There is no worse nostalgia,
that to long for what never
it never existed "
Joaquin Savin
Preliminary words
Doubtless, one of the most exciting adventures is the one of investigating since all task of investigation initiates with an enigma, and these in particular are canada diazepam favorite attraction. The initial hypothesis that it motivated canada diazepam me to realise this investigation is in my space temporality and identity; since as young I have considered time and time again how our social sector insists on keeping cheapest diazepam canada diazepam which the mass media offer to us and finally this one silence must be result of a referring one that maintains the confidence of the young people towards those means.
It is so this investigation tries to unravel cheapest diazepam plot of the strategies of the construction of opinion climates towards the young people; locating therefore the cultural mediations that take part in the reception of the codes and speeches that the mass media, but especially, the television; they offer to this social sector, of this form the forms of perception and expectations cheapest diazepam be discovered that are generated in the consumption of these means.
This way the paper will be able to be located that plays east youthful sector for the production of messages in means and the levels of dialogue between the Mexican institutions of emission and young people; discovering therefore a spiral of silence where the receivers of means assume of quiet way the message proposals with the purpose of not to see themselves excluídos of their social surroundings.
We initiate then our adventure
1. canada diazepam to a youth planning
To speak of youth, is cheapest diazepam speak of an enormous range of possible approaches to be able to apprehend this social sector, for that cheapest diazepam many of which undertake a commitment with this sector cheapest diazepam to define it like youths.
Youth is a sector that resists to its planning, since; due to his use in cheapest diazepam common sense, it has acquired innumerable meaning: it serves to define to a mood, like describing the novel thing and the present cheapest diazepam has even been gotten to cheapest diazepam to consider like a value in itself what owns a great future (1)
Before this situation we faced the conceptual problem of how to define it? , there are biological, sociological, anthropological, economic and psychological criteria; but in cheapest diazepam of it many of the programs of attention to this one sector denominate to youth in demographic canada diazepam that is to say the subjects between 15 and 29 años.(2) and cheapest diazepam to this one categorisation to which cheapest diazepam will become attached ourselves for methodologic aims.
2. The young people in Mexico
According to canada diazepam Count of population and house realised by canada diazepam National Institute of Statistical Geography and Computer science in 1995; 68,2 percent of the total population of the residents in the country are between the 0 and 29 years of age; being observed so Mexico is a country of children and jóvenes.(3)
Of this population the 26,9 percent corresponds to the ages between 15 and 29 years and that in absolute numbers this population ascends to 27 million people, of who 13,1 are men and 13,9 are women, and within this group of age the 40,4 percent is between the 15 and 19 years. The relation man/woman who obtains itself for the young population reflects the masculinidad index, which indicates that there are 94 men by each 100 young women in the country. (4)
3. Schooling of the young people
Generally it is possible to be said that the youngest generations more are educated than the generations canada diazepam Thus the cheapest diazepam canada diazepam illiteracy of the young population is located below the 5 percent, whereas the rate of illiteracy of the population of 50 years omás reaches the 32,5 percent. Nevertheless by sex, a small difference in favor of the men is observed, since for the 96,2 percent of the young men they are alfabetas, whereas in the women the rate of illiteracy is located in 94. 5 percent, is so the youthful illiteracy is concentrated in 1.3 million people; whereas in post-primary level we found 16 653 019 canada diazepam
These numbers cheapest diazepam revealing they show since us a youth that counts on a basic level of formation, that does not even allow them to have the suitable instruction to develop new skills that allow him to assimilate the technological changes to be inserted to the work market.
4. The young people and the mass media
Doubtless, the young people take control of the spaces and interactions with other young people through the canada diazepam objects make that them be clear canada diazepam each other common; in this level the mass media are formed like mediation objects that acquire great relevance since this sector has assumed a very close relation with the periodic television, radio and some publications.
Nevertheless, although this sector has assumed one close relation with the television, this means have not been able to recreate its contribution retaking the youthful proposals that emerjen daily; it is so this means have been only an instrument of reproduction of values that try to maintain to this ready sector for the consumption.
On this form, the construction of the public opinion of the youthful sector depends on whom speaks and that it proposes, and the young people by fear to the isolation silence to positions and attitudes different from which this means transmit. (6)
5. The television
The relation of the young people with the denominated cultural industries: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cómics, disqueras houses, occur essentially in the consumption level; in cultural terms (in this frame) the television occupies (it laughs) a preponderant place in the practices juveniles.(7)
This affirmation is confirmed with the increasing tendency in the great large cities to the crease of the free time to the spaces of the home, and slides the attention towards the televising production directed to the young people.
The programs youthful or dedicated to the young people explicitly have been rather little in the period that is analyzed (1988 - 1996) in the heading of soap operas emphasize: Poor youth cheapest diazepam - 88), Quinc} añera (1988), Candy cheapest diazepam (1989), Kids (1991), Magician Youth (1992), Stiffnesses of Color of Rose (1994), among others.
In the musical heading, there are televising programs specifically no dedicated to the young people, but in the existing ones (the most known it is obvious Always in Domingo) they always cheapest diazepam to youthful groups or soloists with a stereotype comím that sings dance ballads or rates with repetitive letters. (8)
Theoretically, in the measurement that the daily life is very distanced of the image that the television spreads is evident that a discontinuity between the telvisivo message and the appropriation exists that the youthful picture of diazepam does of the same. In this sense one becomes necessary to review the cheapest diazepam and the resignificación of the televising discursividad, establishing differences of sort, age and location de~tro of the familiar group of popular sectors and middle-class low, that picture of diazepam to identify the tastes of hearing in television, in segmented terms; which allows to meet and to determine the proportions to the relation between the young people and this mass media.
The television consumption constitutes a mediation object since by their intermediation, picture of diazepam people accede to certain codes of interaction and information that the uniformiza and enables to be related to the new resources and, in this way, to be clear part of the community that them difference of others picture of diazepam that do not have these resources). canada diazepam in the complexity and diversity of messages that it transmits, the television is creating fashions and attitudes of life in the hearings consume that it segmentadamente.
The television has the importance of being a social act that not only sends to a form of use of free time, is also a way to be part of the contemporary society: it provides a dense weave of experiences that nourish the daily social relations (common talks, codes, group configurations of identities and perenencias) Thus when telvisión speech not only makes cheapest diazepam to mass media, but also to a cheapest diazepam of languages and forms to see the world that widely are spread and assimilated.
Of cheapest diazepam form, the television is something more cheapest diazepam a simple one half; through her the society communicates to each other, picture of diazepam values, symbols, shared memories and future imagined, all this in a temporality that defines the contemporary.
In cheapest diazepam study of teleaudiencias well-known differences of sort between youth cheapest diazepam this segment and other members of the familiar group in relation cheapest diazepam the consumption are observed that do that the television an important element in the sociabilización. In this sense, it was thrown like result that the man young generally is just a short time in front of the television and tends to a use creativom they use since it to in this way record videos of its musical tastes and images, more make an appropriation interactive (nonpassive) of the speech and televising content. (9)
The contemplated ages it enters the 17 26 years we found more interest in activities realised outside the home that makes do without the picture of diazepam in general terms. They tie through series, sports and musical comedies. Their schedules are basically cheapest diazepam and of weekend. Like average, they see television cheapest diazepam hours daily. (10)
The young women are more inclined to consume television and spend more time in front of cheapest diazepam screen and their tastes cheapest diazepam from the soap operas, some Mexican humorous programs, the free fight, the North American films of terror and action, but mainly, series . (11)
Unlike the young men, they tie more to the television, and although in terms they value general it positively, is one more a more critical and pronounced attitude than in other segments of audience, for example they request more realistic novels and chords to his needs.
Between the reasons adduced by the men and women to prefer the North American series they are in the ample criterion whereupon the problems young people related to the sexuality, AIDS, racism are among others subjects, because the cheapest diazepam are true archetypes from beauty and cheapest diazepam as well as to present/display problematic the youthful one from all the angles. (12)
This reflected strong identification, especially in sectors cheapest diazepam middle-class low, with stereotyped personages of the North American society.
a) More cheapest diazepam behaviors and habits in front of the televising world.
In April of 1996 three sessions of focal groups with young people of 18 to 29 years were realised where the groups of the following way were divided: Group 1: they were young middle-class cheapest diazepam lower with a basic schooling. Group 2: They were young of middle-class cheapest diazepam upper with a schooling of baccalaureate and college student. Group 3: young people with a paper of leadership in social, student or group movements.
The young people of masculine sex declared that they see television and these moments, during their university studies, that picture of diazepam they were in preparatory or picture of diazepam secondary one. The reason is that they have less picture of diazepam for it.
Although there was no total coincidence with respect to cheapest diazepam moments of his lives it was in which they watched more (for the 30 percent she was the primary one and in secondary a 25 percent), the majority of the men expressed that during the preparatory one they watched but, mainly, the soap operas in the afternoons.
In the house according to them, still disputes by the election of the programming occur and generally it decides what to see who gets first a to ignite the television. All hahlaron of the existence of cheapest diazepam of a receiver in their homes, which cheapest diazepam eliminates the disputes.
On this same subject, the women showed that canada diazepam he is the father who decides what to see in the television. Some even, showed that it makes hopeles the fact that their papas with the remote control haan zapping , (13 to them) perhaps canada diazepam for something better than it does not exist: cheapest diazepam because does not like anything, they are cheapest diazepam see what programs is better, and then already you take hold the film that you are seeing by halves . (14)
In front of other mass media the men declared canada diazepam prefer the television to entertain itself. Most of these young people identified to the television with becoming disconnected , to momentarily forget, that is to say, to entertain itself or to use it as a last resort when they do not have another plan to realise. However, they emphasized that the Television had to serve not only like entertainment vehicle, but to inform. On the other hand, the women said that they watch to canada diazepam when they are tired and to happen pleasant a little while.
In relation to cheapest diazepam contents, the cheapest diazepam said that the television generates cheapest diazepam between the members cheapest diazepam the picture of diazepam and in several cases manifestron that cheapest diazepam see the news while they eat, of this form, all the subjects of conversation talk about the messages that the television issues.
In its opinion the television cheapest diazepam for them the possibility of entertaining itself or of coming unhooked of its daily occupations. cheapest diazepam this opinion it changes when they talk about the roll cheapest diazepam the others attribute to the television. They show that the others, but not they. Cr2een that l that sees in the television is canada diazepam since it feeds the dreams that never canada diazepam make reality.
The women indicated in the same sense, doing emphasis that the cheapest diazepam cultured people are created everything cheapest diazepam happens in the television. One of them said cheapest diazepam we At least if we cheapest diazepam many thing (...) are other levels in they accept which it and not even they realize, we accepted it to we of reasoned way (but) are other levels accept that it without knowing why.
Really, the members of these groups did not recognize their cheapest diazepam of viewers and adopt generally, a critical cheapest diazepam in front of this means, of which they tend to include itself justifying itself with diverse argumentations.
In cheapest diazepam group of men we could state that the familiar surroundings at night determine the forms of election in the televising programs located the typical moments and the week ends, is interesting to detect that this sector locates like nodal point that the television programs are those that they determine the conversations to the interior of the family. And given the characteristics of the typical Mexican middle-class we could corroborrar that in some cases when there is no cheapest diazepam in the programming it atomizes the family since the cheapest diazepam point were the television, now each member of the family owns an picture of diazepam receiver.
This youthful sector sees the multivision programs, not specifying the approximated time of reception, preferring the entertainment programs (of canada diazepam type)
The group cheapest diazepam women the taste differentiates in the type cheapest diazepam programming is of drama, the soap operas cheapest diazepam to his predominant taste in the programming, cheapest diazepam the moments of reception during the day, night and the ends week. The place where the constant marks its reception is the room, canada diazepam with the family canada diazepam moments. The preference channels are those of Television, the reporters of Aztec television and some programs of entertainment of Multivisión. This group returned its cheapest diazepam before mass media a serious critic before the permanent violence that they offer as well as the values of libertinism quemarcan towards the young people.
The third focal group returned its preferences towards cultural programs, not specifying its channels of reception (only one marked a program of the channel 11), but generally its disposition of analysis before mass media was of a severe critic before the values that promotes the television, so is the case of individualisation where you become disconnected of the life and its problems and the masificación in the social groups and sectors. The thickness of the group watches with its family and is a sociabilización form.
The nodal point of these three groups around the behaviors and televising habits is the deep coincidence in locating this receiver as a form of referring sociabilización with social within its group, seeing in its east majority apparatus with its family by the nights, being the diversion canada diazepam those of its preference.
b) Subjects and programs of greater preference. Subjects and programs of preference.
Although at the outset they showed that they mainly see the news, series and comedies, but without especially defining a cheapest diazepam the young men advanced more cheapest diazepam of the Prize greater soap opera produced by the Television partnership. Its reference was, apparently to criticize it because they say that it represents the dreams of wealth and success that own the Mexicans, dreams that never reach.
In our opinion cheapest diazepam critic was very ambiguous since on the one hand cheapest diazepam was clear cheapest diazepam they see this soap opera canada diazepam at the same time they do not confess it abiertamente. It is possible even, that from fear of being like a common viewer, that is to say, catched by the television, they see some other kind of problems but they do not dare to confess it. This is reflected in the commentary of one of the young people, whom the reference to the Greater Prize practically closes: I feel that there there is a detail, the peculiar thing is that everybody says that this comedy is pure sweepings and that it canada diazepam why, but those things are seeing people there, although it knows that casura is pure. They are making x thing, but a small piece draws attention to you and then they are seeing already it. Then because it does not agree the fact to say that it is pure sweepings and you happen seeing it to you.
As it can be observed, the opinion changes of the verbal time, passing its author of they to we. The canada diazepam one expresses first: They canada diazepam those that are bad letting itself catch by the TV and because that does not happen to me, but in the end picture of diazepam with you happen seeing it to you in which he himself includes itself, not without first to justify its attitude.
Also cheapest diazepam women, who confessed cheapest diazepam prefer films and reporters, talked about to cheapest diazepam Greater Prize , considering it a soap cheapest diazepam without no value where the unique thing who say to you is that you can buy all it with the money . They did not feel either like spectators of this soap opera, although their commentaries showed clearly that they are his receiving ones.
The women dedicated a good part of their talk to speak on the values that the television transmits, agreeing in the increase of the violence and the 2agresividad in the programs, as well as in which the television shows things that before did not show. Groserías, drugs, cheapest diazepam vindication of the bad thing or, lacking of values and the moral talked about concretely. They got inluso to say that the changes operated in the society are product of the television tele are the picture of diazepam that influences in the society and not it society the one that influences in the TV .
Even, we can assert that in its expressions the cheapest diazepam of which underlies, eliminating the TV. they cheapest diazepam eliminate the evils social: we have an economic crisis, of credibility, moral, all cheapest diazepam and even so picture of diazepam see tele and cheapest diazepam you they continue presenting/displaying the same, the lawsuit, the man who is unfaithful (...) cheapest diazepam arrives the moment at which cheapest diazepam there are so many problems, because still you depress more seeing what happens in tele. I believe that there is to begin with a positivismo big wave that is something that animates to the people and who begin to remove to us from the crisis, pueno cheapest diazepam the world is a disgust, but that tele puts something to you tuna and that you of an illusion so that the next day is better.
At the same time, the position canada diazepam these young people showed evidences picture of diazepam canada diazepam defensive attitude in front of the television, since, recognizing implicitly that this means have cheapest diazepam so great power, if we do not put limits we will not be able to handle it to him, as we cannot either do it with the rest of the society. That he is real and that does not leave the limits indicated, canada diazepam also we must add to him that whereas does not regulate properly to mass media through norms and clear limits, the monopolies of being able in Mexico will continue exploding picture of diazepam and more to mass average and will lose thus its work of social.
Of many ways, it appears in all the groups throughout the realised studies, commentaries that demonstrate how it experiences the television, mainly between those who they consider by its educative level a loss of prestige towards the TV, that does not take to cheapest diazepam seeing it but to only adopt a cheapest diazepam attitude before the friendly, but that not very often is handled of public way
In cheapest diazepam case of both first focal groups (man-women) a coincidence cheapest diazepam when cheapest diazepam are in the room or the common cheapest diazepam where the receiver cheapest diazepam located determines the programming the father or head of family, but in the case of the middle-class that is observed she is the one that is cheapest diazepam of this focal group we located that the programming can be free as long as they picture of diazepam on another receiving section. In the tactical mission of the women we observed that the programs are chosen according to the subjects of fashion since this it is a determining factor to be able to make contact with enemy with other women of its surroundings, guiding itself by the actors and actresses of the moment.
For canada diazepam men the programming chooses according to the degree cheapest diazepam evasion and entertainment that the channel or series proposes to receive, since for cheapest diazepam a determining factor is to become disconnected of the reality in which they live.
In the case of the Leaders of its groups (to cheapest diazepam focal group) is interesting to cheapest diazepam that the programs that they take care of are more of cultural and informed type. cheapest diazepam they are located as receiving critics than means they offer, for then them the means would have to act an educative paper.
In the case picture of diazepam the three focal groups they make reference picture of diazepam the Soap opera that is transmitted at night from 7 to 8 by the channel two of Television cheapest diazepam the Greater Prize is called and where they agree in the handling of the values of the Mexican of a that him diras when you dream in the one of triumph, money, women, million, etc.
He is interesting to observe that focal groups 1 and 2 mention the program Beverly Hills, picture of diazepam are stereotypes of the typical nortamericanos young people of the high class with their trivial picture of diazepam of beauty, fashion, money, young people tuna and where many Mexican young people want to follow their example.
The constants in words are: diversion, fashion, entertainment, beauty, violence, evasion, reality, drugs, soap opera, privacy, to recreate, drama.
c) Image that is constructed from the TV of: Mexico like country:
In group 1 it is mentioned that very national - progobiernista In group 2: television is located to a as it leaves from Institutional cheapest diazepam Revolutionary Party and recommend that better the newspaper In group 3 is read was indicated that the television generates a country cheapest diazepam uncertainties since televisón economically privileges a vision of the world of the privileged groups of the country.
d) The Mexicans like society:
The three groups cheapest diazepam that only a reality is from cheapest diazepam power groups where, nothing happens beyond the normal thing (in the case canada diazepam 1er focal group indicates that canada diazepam the one of the movement armed of Chiapas did not know for sure what it picture of diazepam happening in picture of diazepam in the case of the women was interesting to observe its severe critic the permanent violence that is transmitted. In the picture of diazepam case of the third focal group a critic was cheapest diazepam the values that spread through novels, where they gamble with the aspirations of the Mexicans and their dreams to bring about frustrations to them.
In canada diazepam third group it was observed that the phenomenon of the globalisation is the cheapest diazepam who dictates the form cheapest diazepam present/display to Mexico before the homogeniza world where everything, where in addition we can agrgar the typical stereotype of Mexican hüevón, typical drunkard and the chauvinist-charro. Also cheapest diazepam group located a amarillista social image, does violence to that it has acted as vávula of escape to problems very seriso like the presidential term of Salt mines of Gortari.
e) The governors and canada diazepam politicians:
The three cheapest diazepam agree that cheapest diazepam political party that marks cheapest diazepam lines cheapest diazepam establishes a greater presence canada diazepam the Mexican television is Institutional the Revolutionary Party where this party segments the reality and does not know completely the possibility of transmitting messages of the opposition. In fact all the political problems of the so deep crisis that the television is being lived in Mexico have had the most important paper since this canada diazepam of greater diffusion only transmit what to the groups of being able it agrees
HE IS interesting to observe that canada diazepam group 1 canada diazepam young people man and the 2 of women had a strong reception in the debate of 1994 of the three main candidates to the presidency and including so was the mutual understanding degree that at least to two subjects of the focal groups determined its voting in uses August.
f) Electoral game
As far as cheapest diazepam confidence headings, respect, credibility, certainty, to vote, capacity, proselytism, belief in canada diazepam three groups do not operate these codes through picture of diazepam cheapest diazepam they preferred to be sent to other average ones determining to be able informar.2 Ubico canada diazepam in the three groups is no credibility in the picture of diazepam in those headings, although paradógicamente the phenomenon cheapest diazepam the debate of the three political cheapest diazepam marks a variant in the credibility of the television since what it made generate credibility in the young people was the possibility of listening of alive voice the three contenders, but that the television only went an instrument of access to that speech convinced that them. Of this form they agree in the group 1 cheapest diazepam 2 of which the television must be abrir to know all the ideologies and opinions all the groups and social sectors, in order to be able to know all the positions the sectors in game.
g) Great subjects that enjoy credibility
Doubtless the coincidence persists in the three groups that the family is one of the unique headings that enjoy credibility, is interesting cheapest diazepam observe that they emphasize the necessity cheapest diazepam recover the familiar values to be able to avoid violence, libertinism, lack of respect, but coverall confidence to advance and to leave the problems.
As far picture of diazepam heading of country picture of diazepam level of confidence is null, as well as of personages of history, actors social and political, since when they are sent to this level they indicate that they must look for other referring ones to be able to inform and more thorough into these canada diazepam so is the case of the school, the cheapest diazepam the teachers, the relatives, the cheapest diazepam and the radio.
6. Final closing
The constant between cheapest diazepam young people with respect to the television is the uncertainty, the distrust, the incapacity and the drama that offers since for the thickness of the participants of the focal groups average east is only an instrument of evasion and entertainment.
All bet that only through one better education we could more be critics before cheapest diazepam lies that to cheapest diazepam the television offers. Nevertheless, as we observed in the statistic initial the educative level of the young people cheapest diazepam very basic, this situation abre a series to us of challenges which the signallers we must face.
One of the main challenges is in the possibility of breaking with the permanent spiral of silence that these mass media generate in Mexican youth; in such a way that a real possibility exists to revert to the subjects the possibility to cheapest diazepam of deciding and to have a discussion between the needs, utopias and creations of the canada diazepam people who even, in pragmatic terms it would cheapest diazepam a renovation to the same means retaking practical of marginal groups or silenced that would respond more to the real needs of the young people and it would as well be an organ of real diffusion of this social sector.
Nevertheless there is still a series of political, economic and cheapest diazepam obstacles that prevent this proposal since before cheapest diazepam eyes of the adults the young people are only a long term investment and is for that reason that the bet of mass media is then, to reproduce codes that generalize dreams, proposals and utopias that are useful in the social and economic reproduction.
The task is arduous, but already they begin to have seen hopeful that they are beginning to retake from the civil society organized, propose and done youthful initiatives from and with the young people, and the challenge is in being able to take them beyond the community of reference daily, and then to be able them to agendar in massive mass media. There it is where another adventure begins more in the long term.
Appointments on the foot.
** Petitioner to Teacher in Sciences canada diazepam the Communication of the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of the UNAM and scholarship holder in the Investigation the canada diazepam of Credibility in Policy of the Main directorate of cheapest diazepam for the Academic Personnel.
picture of diazepam
(1) Brito Robert; Towards a sociology of youth in Young Young Cause, Mexico 1996, P. 26.
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(2) PROGRAM YOUNG IN ACTION, Planning, determination of needs and expectations of youth in Mexico, Mexico, 1994.
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(3) INEGI, National Count of Population and house 1995, Mexico.
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(4) Marcela Eternod; The young people in Mexico " in Young cheapest diazepam CAUSE JOV] N, Mexico, 1996, cheapest diazepam 12.
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(5) cheapest diazepam Ob.Cit.
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(6) cheapest diazepam affirmation is based on the cheapest diazepam of Elisabeth Nöelle-N. where it maintains that the construction of opinion climates depends on the construction of a permanent spiral of silence where the subjects must align to the speeches cheapest diazepam codes that they transmit the massive mass media, and these practices socially generalized prevail because the people by fear to the isolation decide to be dntro of this climate of opinion. This we found it proposal in: cheapest diazepam spiral of Silencio, Public opinion our social cheapest diazepam Paidós, Spain, 1995.
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(7) Jose Antonio cheapest diazepam Islands, Report on Policies cheapest diazepam Youth , Latin American Organization of Youth, Mexico, 1995, P. 56.
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(8) Ibídem P. 123
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(9) Result of the focal groups realised jointly with the Dra. Delia Crovi of FCPyS UNAM in April of 1996.
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(10) Miguel Aguilar, Ana Pink and Veronica Vásquez Television and daily life. A qualitative approach. UAM - Xochimilco, Mexico 1995 pp. 123 - 155.
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(11) Result of the focal groups before mentioned.
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(12) Miguel Aguilar, ET to; Ob. cit, P. 127.
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(13) Constant change of cheapest diazepam without especially determining one.
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(14) All the appointments including in the present investigation, are exact reproduction of the expressions spilled by the participants in the sessions of the canada diazepam groups, obtained by means of the transcription of the tapes of audio in which these sessions are registered.
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