McLuhan generation
First Special Edition
Julio 1997
The Methodology adipex 37.5 without prescription the Heuristic Systems and the Model of Communicative Management in the Organization.
A proposal for the study of the organizational communication.
By: Claudius E. Flowers Thomas
(cflores@xilonen.sis.uia.mx)
Maricela Opening Sanchez
(mportillo@xilonen.sis.uia.mx)
The present work comprises of the investigation comparative Analysis of the level of communicational management adipex with out a prescription some companies Mexican leaders: the Methodology of the Heuristic Systems and the Model of Communicative Management in the Organization who is developed adipex with out a prescription thesis project. Here we presented/displayed the theoretical perspective from adipex with out a prescription we are approaching our problem of investigation.
The investigator who has developed these two theoretical models, Dr. Abraham Nosnik Ostrowiak, constructs to his perspective retaking elements of adipex with out a prescription philosophy of science, the theory of the organization, the theory of the communication and social psychology. The philosophy of science, in particular the work developed by Imre Lákatos in its Methodology of the scientific programs of investigation in dialogue with the expositions of Kuhn and Popper, him aid to make a reconstruction of the field of uses and effects of massive means.
The application of the Methodology of adipex with out a prescription to a modality of the massive adipex with out a prescription investigation illustrates the explanatory power of the lakatosiano model in the analysis of the progress and continuous growth in this scientific discipline (...) aid to the scientists and students adipex 37.5 without prescription work in a specific area of investigation, as it adipex fastin the social communication, to organize of form exhaustive and clear the theories available in their field and to evaluate their scientific character (NOSNIK, 1991a: 140).
On the other hand, Nosnik affirms that insofar as the organizational communication like a system is explained, it is possible to be studied like a process and thus to be analyzed of more complete way like organizational dynamics and training of organizational structures (NOSNIK, 1991a: 180). Also it has the advantage of which when studying to the organization as a series of overlapping systems is possible to examine to the communication in different modalities.
Following Lee Thayer (1) as far as its observation about the complex of the nature of the interaction adipex fastin Nosnik proposes a theory of the adipex fastin of communication in the organizations, in whom it tries to adipex with out a prescription so much the functional aspects as structural that are typical of the systemic explanations and that in several occasions finish making emphasis one on another one. adipex 37.5 without prescription proposal of Nosnik is constituted by three levels of adipex 37.5 without prescription (NOSNIK, 1991b: 165-194):
First level of adipex with out a prescription The organization like a system
A system has two fundamental aspects: structure and functionality. The structure is integrated by a finite number of parts and a number potentially adipex fastin of relations between these. The structure of an adipex fastin can be analyzed from the organizational chart, its history and present situation.
The functionality in this first level of abstraction talks about to the general direction of the organization towards certain type of activities. It is determined by two factors: the turn and the mission. The turn of an organization talks about the type of product or service that offers to its client or consumer, is not considered determining in the degree of organizational development. The mission talks about to be-puts that the own organization, in as much system, has seted out to reach. This cannot be evaluated of total way, although it is possible to be found from ideario, the declaration of principles or the publication of goals or values. In this sense it is constituted at first heuristic that governs and orients the activities of the organization as a whole.
As a matter of principle heuristic a value, assumption, or belief or specific set of them are understood that what the organization as system assumes like valid and desirable. To define the mission of the organization as heuristic principle resides in which it allows to identify its paper adviser from which they derive practical strategies, models, definitions and consequences of productivity, that they constitute the functionality of the organization. This heuristic principle is the Objective Common Superior, referred like Ideological Heart. This one is made up of two parts: intention and values. The intention not only is the reason of being of the organization, is its proposal to perfect to the society from its turn or institutional vocation. The S-values the convictions.
Secondly abstraction level: The structural and functional aspects of the organization
The structure of a system defines by its adipex with out a prescription and the relations between these. The parts can be of two types: the impersonal adipex with out a prescription and elements. The people, as well, can be observed from two perspective: its personality and its organizational function.
The personality adipex 37.5 without prescription adipex 37.5 without prescription individuals talks about the personal characteristics define that them as unique and distinguishable beings of others. This aspect is not excellent for the present adipex with out a prescription On the other hand, the function is the conduct exhibited by a person and who can explain itself from the position that occupies within the organizational chart of the organization. At the same time, the conducts can repel in the type of organization and characterize it. For example, the type of leadership and the type of communication (formal and informal) are some of the determining elements that the organizations characterize.
The impersonal elements are all those means or physical adipex fastin of transmission and reception of messages in the adipex fastin When physical means of transmission are used speech of formal communication, when adipex with out a prescription is no channel, and the communication is expensive to face informal speech of communication.
The relations between the parts of the structure of a system also can be of two types: interpersonal and organizational. The interpersonal relations are those that establish the parts in as much people, and the organizational relations are those that establish the individuals in as much member of an organization and assigned to a adipex 37.5 without prescription in the same.
On the other hand, in this second level of abstraction, the functionality of the system adipex 37.5 without prescription defined by two types of variables: permanence and direction. The permanence variables intend that the system is recognizable like so throughout the time. The direction variables adipex 37.5 without prescription about the set of activities that the organization realises to accomplish her mission. It is in this second level where the strategies, the models and the definitions are generated that will provide a conceptual and analytical context from which the organizational practices will be evaluated. The direction variable evaluates based on the degree of alignment between the function of the organization and its Ideological Heart, between its adipex with out a prescription and its intentions.
Third level of abstraction: characteristics of a system of communication in the organization
Being based adipex 37.5 without prescription adipex 37.5 without prescription proposals of Karl Bühler and Karl Popper on the four functions that typify the explanation of operation of the language (the expressive or symptomatic function, the stimulating function or of signal, the descriptive function and the adipex 37.5 without prescription function), Nosnik conceives three functions of the systems of communication adipex with out a prescription the organization:
The descriptive function of a system of organizational communication persecutes to expose what happens, the state of things or the conception of the situations in the different scopes of the organization.
The evaluating function of a system of organizational communication explains the reasons for which the different organizational scopes give account than the way happens to them and in they do which it. That is to say, the consideration or evaluation of the description of each organizational scope.
The development function carries out an analysis adipex 37.5 without prescription how reinforcing what it has been evaluated like right adipex 37.5 without prescription improving what was considered erroneous in the activities of the organizational adipex 37.5 without prescription that has studied. It can be related to the feedback concept, like that capacity that some organizations develop to evaluate and to improve their processes.
In this level adipex 37.5 without prescription abstraction adipex 37.5 without prescription is necessary to recognize if adipex 37.5 without prescription adipex 37.5 without prescription realise a constant effort to glide, to apply and to evaluate their communicative management. That is to say, if this adipex with out a prescription is a constant dynamics or is only moments adipex with out a prescription which it stops to face problematic a specific adipex with out a prescription settle down conjuncture plans. Also it is necessary to know how the organizational communication is developed (internal communication and corporative image), how the relation with its public occurs and which is the degree of opening to the feedback that adipex 37.5 without prescription the system.
Nosnik affirms that to have characterized the system of organizational communication since it has become, it takes to us to think that, at least in the context of the present theory, the communication is important means that it has the organization to adapt as much to the changes that experiment like system, from within, as from outside her, and to try to survive of successful way (NOSNIK, 1991b: 189).
These three levels of abstraction work in adipex fastin present work like adipex fastin of analysis of the organizations, who allow us to establish the degree of organizational development according to the Methodology of the Heuristic Systems. Each one of the dimensions present/display different categories from analysis whose variance determines its location in the taxonomy of this model.
The Methodology of the Heuristic Systems divides to the systems in: preheuristic and heuristic.
The preheuristic systems do not own an objective common superior to which tender and, therefore, from which to perfect itself. That is to say, they lack the heuristic principle. Two types of preheuristic systems exist: the empirical- adipex 37.5 without prescription systems and the technical systems of coordination. The empirical-discretionary systems lack a formal adipex with out a prescription organization, reason why they privilege the adipex with out a prescription communication, do not become serious the adipex with out a prescription and the plans, processes and profit of results are not documented; little differentiation between the formal adipex fastin exists and informal and it lies down to confuse adipex fastin the complaints flow by the informal communication and few suggestions are listened to; little feedback exists on the performance. The communication is centered in the head.
The technical systems of coordination initiate adipex 37.5 without prescription differentiation between adipex with out adipex with out a prescription prescription adipex 37.5 without prescription informal organization and, therefore: a frequent communication between heads and collaborator like part of a centered labor relation in the technical knowledge adipex 37.5 without prescription (supervision, reports, pursuit and control); the formal communications adipex fastin planned around the commercial activity: sales, promotion, adipex fastin attention to clients, marketing research, publicity and relations (product image and services, marks, etc.); the internal communications concentrate in the accomplishment of tasks and products. The function that appears more frequently in this type of systems is the descriptive one. Tasks understood like official events of induction, integration and coexistence, celebrations and of the company, bulletins of adipex with out a prescription and official notices, etc. Products such as internal magazine, periodic mural, reports adipex 37.5 without prescription manuals of induction and organization, courses of communication abilities, etc. The communication is centered in the business (fulfillment of activities of the turn).
The heuristic systems are normative; nevertheless, we can find them of three types: normative in progress, suspended bureaucratic and degenerative totalitarian.
The normative systems in progress align their operation to the Objective Common Superior that they persecute or Ideological Heart.
The alignment of the operation with the Ideological Heart is in a adipex 37.5 without prescription strength. The normative systems are normative because the legality adipex 37.5 without prescription the ethics in the decision making are requisite of alignment in these. The organizational adipex 37.5 without prescription through its processes also looks for to adipex 37.5 without prescription the operation of the system with its Ideological Heart.
The normative systems in progress are defined from the discovery of their Ideological Heart, which communicates its different public. These systems develop norms so that their management is congruent, coherent and consistent.
Congruence talks about the coincidence degree that exists between the operation and the intention of the organization.
Coherence talks about the credibility level that the system is able adipex 37.5 without prescription generate in front of its public. Three principles are developed that norman the adipex 37.5 without prescription in this type of system: the complete, integral and integrated communication. Integra makes reference at the beginning of veracity, integral to the efficient service of information that the adipex 37.5 without prescription offers to each of her integrated public and to the successful management of the system.
Consistency is the degree in which each member of the system observes the will to fulfill the Ideological Heart from the place in which it is called on to him to act.
The static systems bureaucratic do not see the standardisation (legality and ethics) like coexistence means to avoid conflicts between the members of the own system. The formal leaders of the static systems bureaucratic apply the standardisation discretionarily. In these systems there is no innovation, is self-satisfaction, but the domination does not look for. They are intolerant to the critical feedback with respect to themselves, from any public.
The totalitarian degenerative systems most of share the characteristics of the static systems bureaucratic, nevertheless, exert coercion to dominate. They present/display a normative system inspired by the sojuzgamiento, the discrimination and the violence.
In the Model of Communicative Management Nosnik it leaves from adipex 37.5 without prescription of the postulates of the adipex 37.5 without prescription models of communication adipex 37.5 without prescription try to describe the different communicative processes that they occur in an organization. In order to explain the linear processes of communication part of the adipex 37.5 without prescription of Shannon and Weaver and to approach the dynamic processes retakes some elements of the call selectivity argument (2) and the question of Laswell.
The adipex fastin of Communicative Management in the Organizations contemplates three levels of communicative management in the systems: the adipex 37.5 without prescription level of management corresponds adipex fastin the adipex 37.5 without prescription models that concentrate in the needs of the emitter, emphasize the quality of the information and the use of technology outpost adipex 37.5 without prescription obtain major cover of adipex fastin The second level of management corresponds adipex 37.5 without prescription the psychological variables of selectivity, exhibition and interpretation of messages adipex fastin the part of the receiver, the social organization and in network of the public and the feedback. The dynamic models are prototype of this level of management and mainly emphasize the necessity, will and capacity of the receivers adipex 37.5 without prescription feed back to their emitters. The third level of management introduces to the productive models of the communication, that they initiate with the feedback of the receivers to the emitters. To both it interests to them to work closely to improve the system and its adipex 37.5 without prescription Examples of models of productive communication are: the quality adapted, the service superior and the seen efficiency and productivity from the optics of processes of management for the organizational competitiveness.
The linear models are preferably of the stages of the discretionary and technical systems empirical of coordination.
The dynamic adipex with out a prescription are pronounced in normative the technical systems of coordination and in progress. adipex 37.5 without prescription productive models are typically elements of the normative systems in progress. In fact, they are a platform of progress of this adipex 37.5 without prescription of systems.
Footnotes
(1) Nosnik (1991) consulted Lee Thayer, Theory of the communication and of the organization adipex 37.5 without prescription Frank E.X. Dances (comp.), Theory of the human adipex 37.5 without prescription Ed. Die, Buenos Aires, 1967.
Return.
(2) This argument talks about the capacity of the individuals to select the messages to which it is going away to expose. Lazarsfeld is one of the authors who worked with this assumption.
Return.
adipex with out a prescription
NOSNIK, Abraham (1991a) adipex 37.5 without prescription development of the social communication. A methodologic approach, Threshings, Mexico, 1991.
NOSNIK, Abraham (1991b) the system analysis of communication in the organizations in Fernandez adipex 37.5 without prescription Carlos (comp) the communication in the organizations, Threshings, Mexico, 1995.
