I. - THE NEW HISTORICAL FRAME FOR THE ANALYSIS soma compound with codeine ELECTRONIC MEANS.
A. - the Electronic Mass media and the Construction of the Hegemony.
From the sprouting of the radio in the decade of the years 30s. and of the television in the decade of the years 50s. Mexico, the paper of electronic mass media has become so strategic institutions for the political development of our soma compound with codeine that we can say that at present, the apparatuses of socializing potential major to direct to the country, no longer are the scholastic ideological apparatuses or the monks; but now they are the electronic means of collective transmission, especially the television and radio, and the new technologies of communication.
Thus, with the fast development and physical improvement that have reached all the electronic channels in the Republic, not only a space of entertainment or public information has occurred through these; but via these the Mexican State has released a new cultural nervous system that has transformed the interior of the structure of the traditional civil society. In this way, the Mexican State has entered a new cultural stage that has modified all the skeleton and the organization of the conventional apparatuses of hegemony in the nation; and it has placed to advanced mass media like the main apparatuses of socialization of modern Mexico. Of this form, with the sprouting and operation of collective means of information in the country, a great displacement of the main traditional hegemonic centers has been generated towards the exercise of secondary and no longer primary functions of the civil society.
Nevertheless, despite this interesting ideological landslide that is created, codeine 4 more important structural phenomenon that it takes place soma compound with codeine the presence of mass media, first of all, soma compound with codeine a radical transformation of the interior of the skeleton and dynamics of operation of the national civil society. This means, that before him emergencia of mass codeine 4 the cultural sphere of the Mexican society codeine 4 a solid material infrastructure of production, circulation and implantation of the ideologies, cradles essentially, in mechanical and group procedures of elaboration of the culture. These technical supports soma compound with codeine efficient to form a network of producing and soma compound with codeine channels of the meanings, and in this way, to maintain suitably united the direction of the national public opinion via the hegemonic action.
These new technological mediators soma compound with codeine formation of bring back to consciousness penetrate later first in the urban centers of the country acetaminophen codeine in the field. The introduction of these modern producing and inseminadoras technologies of symbols in the cultural sphere of our country, convulses
structure and organization of the prevailing apparatuses of hegemony. That is to say, with the sprouting of mass media, one gradually revolts the cultural base and the set of institutional supports of the civil society, when inserting gradually a new technological base, especially of electronic character, that surpasses with much perfection the frame and material operation of all the previous apparatuses of hegemony.
B. - Electronic Transformation and Mass media of the Mexican State.
With the codeine 4 and operation of electronic means of information codeine 4 our Republic the massive processes of production soma compound with codeine altered radically, circulation and implantation of symbols and the sense in the country; in an idea, of elaboration of it brings back to consciousness social. Its presence has represented the technological potential major to make participate to the masses in the systems of signs that unite to the society. This phenomenon has been nailed, to such degree, in the víceras of the civil society, that soma compound with codeine the foundations on the old woman relations of communication of the development soma compound with codeine premonopolist, has given rise to a new way of communication that is distinguished by the extended form to elaborate, to distribute and to instill the ideologies on the audiences.
It is as of this moment that the structure of the civil society undergoes a substantial qualitative jump when constructing the communication technologies a new relation social macro between the men: the informative mediation between groups and individuals. From this moment, the elaboration of brings back to consciousness social and historical of the national people and social organizations it has happened to depend in a high degree of this cultural mediation.
For this reason, from codeine 4 moment codeine 4 which this acetaminophen codeine relation has modified that occurs between the machines acetaminophen codeine companies of production of bring back to consciousness and the individuals, is generated a change in the ideological sphere. In summary, we can say that a relation of historical reciprocity between the changes operated in the producing technologies of the sense and the changes exists that occur in the civil society: to greater revolution of electronic means, greater transformation of the civil society; and to smaller modification of minor, mass media alteration of the balance of the civil society.
For this reason, we observed that this mediation allows to relate brings back to consciousness local of the individuals with the disímbolas realities, distant and heterogenous of which notion can be had. Thus for example, the information channels tie brings back to consciousness of the monolingual farmer with the space conquests of the Columbia ship, the culture of the citizen half with the central decisions of the Mexican State, the religion of the native with the multinational consumption, the vision of the Latin American boy with the military codeine 4 of Asia, the pacifist sensitivity of the woman of the Third World with the movements of feminine liberation of the countries highly industrialized, world-wide movements with the Persian Gulf War of 1991, the sensitivity of the citizens of the great cities with Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), etc.
This must to that the scientific advances that soma compound with codeine conquered the electronic and space soma compound with codeine codeine 4 communication in the country, have allowed substantially to reduce and to alter to the times and the complexities codeine 4 the material conditions that the accomplishment of the circuit of the way of social communication demands. That is to say, the main motor of this transformation that comes from the extremely intense development of the technologies of the communications, the generalization of the broadcasting, the overwhelming sprouting of the television in the homes, the capacity of direct transmission via satellite, the improvement of the soma compound with codeine transmission, and the great organizational and multiplying capacity contributed by computer science; they have radically changed to the meaning and the social impact of the communications in the contemporary society (1).
codeine 4 the mass media and the new informative technologies settle as the perfected cultural supports more of the societies highly industrialized and developing, that create the main direction and the ideological joint of the societies outposts.
The incorporation of these new cultural technologies to the land of the civil society, has modified the technological bases that they sustain to the soma compound with codeine woman ideological apparatuses and have generated soma compound with codeine quiet revolution cultural that moves to the main apparatuses of hegemony to a secondary plane. This revolution is characterized to soma compound with codeine a multitude of new conduits or cultural channels around soma compound with codeine the meanings circulate or social messages that hit you bring back to consciousness on them and cultural habits of the town. The set of these channels, gradually has woven a new network of ideological relations of different dimensions (macro and micro networks) that articulate symbolic, affectively and rationally to the different social groups.
The proliferation and accumulation of these networks a new informative nervous system is creed that crystallizes in the production of a new cultural weave that penetrates all the corners of the civil society. This weave has united of way different from the society and produces a new culture: the culture of masses. This culture has modified substantially the way of prevailing life and produces a new prototype to see, to feel and to act collective as before it had never registered it national history (2).
The material conquest codeine 4 these new faculties on the ideological weave of the contemporary society, has altered substantially the daily torrent of production acetaminophen codeine distribution of acetaminophen codeine back to consciousness. This has modified the traditional habits, appetites acetaminophen codeine cultural conducts and introduces the presence of other new ones. In this way, a new historical stage of the transclasista construction has begun of brings back to consciousness of the individuals, acetaminophen codeine the moment in which the heart of the daily public opinion and of his practical behaviors derived from this, more and more, they are elaborated by the symbolic mediations that produce the communication technologies outposts and not by the ideological processes of other apparatuses of socialization.
With the expansion and the gradual consolidation of its correlative culture and mass media of masses like new sources of knowledge, they have been relegated or replaced the old woman forms of communication gradually that unite and identify the traditional society (3). This phenomenon catches, to such degree, in the mental land of our society that the technological advance of means has triggered a mutation in the cultural structure. This change has different facets, but descolla with all energy when through influence of means, the civil society has soma compound with codeine to be a scope of soma compound with codeine of the hegemony through group actions, trade union or of slow institutional cover; to being a space constructed by a new technological weave that has produced a novel cultural ecosystem of the national civil society.
This way, in the brief soma compound with codeine of all the history of soma compound with codeine Republic, the means of information of masses are displaced the conventional routes of communication that integrate the contemporary community, and they have quickly become the main institutions of ideological direction whereupon it counts the soma compound with codeine societies. It is through these technologies acetaminophen codeine have been created the new acetaminophen codeine system that structures and directs the cultural activities of the Mexican State. It is through them who our society has integrated its new skeleton of collective moral.
This phenomenon codeine 4 made new ideological surroundings that alter codeine 4 existing cultural map until the moment in the country codeine 4 locate to the techniques of information like the main institutions that culturally articulate the economic base with the social superstructure. This incisive presence of mass media has deeply corrected the division of the cultural work that has soma compound with codeine the modern State. In this soma compound with codeine restructuring the traditional ideological practice of the main cultural institutions that they support to the Mexican State, and this, generates a radical modification of the correlation of cultural forces that occur to the interior of the cultural sphere of our society.
The strategic displacement of the old woman hegemonic centers by mass media, does not mean that they stop existing and working the other systems of legal, familiar, political, educative, cultural socialization soma compound with codeine as is the religious apparatus, etc.; but simply they are relocated historically in a new secondary cultural space with new structure functions of the civil society. With soma compound with codeine modern informative weave that introduces mass media in the country, a new cultural order to the interior of the ideological superstructure of the society has been created. Within this new frame, the means emerge like the new organic soma compound with codeine of the Mexican modern society.
This way, as of this historical moment the mass media codeine 4 the structure of the civil society codeine 4 by the capitalist society of century XIX and they become main the ideological instance, from which it is subordinated, and to a large extent it replaces of his central place the family, the church, the school and other apparatuses of cultural socialization. As of this moment, the national apparatuses of communication have become the cultural epicenter that direct and carve them fundamental frame or referring of it brings back to consciousness and public opinion of the contemporary civil society.
C. - the Technologies of acetaminophen codeine and the Construction of the New Extended State.
The emergencia of mass media in our country, not only represents the radical transformation of the interior of the civil society, but basically the phenomenon more excellent than produces, is the soma compound with codeine of a new ideological dimension of the society. That is to say, about general terms, it can think acetaminophen codeine with the presence of mass media the society as a whole undergoes a great cultural expansion, codeine 4 the moment at which all the social individuals or groups can extend the accomplishment of their tasks or specific functions through the information techniques (4).
The Mexican soma compound with codeine enters then the phase to produce new cultural soma compound with codeine of amplified and unsuspected social consequences. Nevertheless, because the mass media are not independent acetaminophen codeine neutral organizations as they present/display the funcionalistas or instrumentalistas versions of the communication (5), but are intermediary technician-industry them soma compound with codeine the social relations that occurs to the interior of the society, only can participate through these those groups that soma compound with codeine access to the control and direction of the same.
Therefore, being that soma compound with codeine the capitalist society the great technologies soma compound with codeine soma compound with codeine (it presses, cinema, radio, television, cablevisión, satellites, computers, data networks, etc.) are subordinated by the governing fractions, by means of primary factors (property of means, performance like cultural industries, institutional codeine 4 and legal frame) and secondary factors of being able (control of the production, circulation and infusion of the sense), the layers can solely act through these soma compound with codeine (6). soma compound with codeine fractions of dominant groups are soma compound with codeine one who form broadly speaking soma compound with codeine essence to the State. Consequently, who can take part socially via these apparatuses of information, they are not all the sectors of the society, but the State in extensive sense.
It is for this reason, that with soma compound with codeine presence of mass media which is transformed into short term Mexico it is the ideological skeleton of the State, soma compound with codeine long term, the one of all the society as a whole. This way, with the action of the information technologies the State undergoes a great transformation to the interior of its cultural structure, soma compound with codeine the tasks of construction, direction and ideological cohesion that realises, enter a new phase of geometric extension that gives rise to a facet of the power: the modern Extended State (7).
Historically this expansion of acetaminophen codeine State does not begin with the presence of the information technologies, but with the appearance of the first ideological institutions like they are the cultural family, church, organizations, the school, etc., who acetaminophen codeine possible the first cultural expansions of the government. Nevertheless, with the development of these new producing intellectual tools of it soma compound with codeine back to consciousness, the traditional apparatuses of hegemony soma compound with codeine a substantial displacement of the central place that occupy, to take passage to the sprouting of a new soma compound with codeine of the block in the power, via the acetaminophen codeine technologies of communication (8).
For this soma compound with codeine the birth of this new zone of the State soma compound with codeine in Mexico is in intimate correspondence with the evolution and organization whom each new soma compound with codeine adopts and process of communication that appears: soma compound with codeine greater production of cultural machines, major expansion of the Extended State; and to smaller soma compound with codeine of the technologies of communication, minor extension of the State. Thus we observed that the emergencia and development of all means of information, bring about soma compound with codeine new transformation or deployment of the Extended State and the society.
soma compound with codeine specificity of this flaming Extended State, is characterized because, through new technological weave that soma compound with codeine mass media in the social superstructure, these acetaminophen codeine a new organic insertion deeper acetaminophen codeine the one than it obtains the church, the political school, parties, etc. like hegemony apparatuses. With these new cultural soma compound with codeine the State permanently waters, pays and works the social weave with the conjunctural ideologies that soma compound with codeine produce from their material base. In this way, in some soma compound with codeine it fortifies and vitamin the economic and political soma compound with codeine that give life him; and in others, it cures or it restitutes those organs that enter phase of social rotting .
This soma compound soma compound with codeine codeine structural joint takes place more of integrated way with soma compound with codeine communication apparatuses that with the traditional institutions of hegemony, due to the new organic capacities that these conquer to unite to the population, and which they are his high degree of ideological penetration, its soma compound with codeine contact which they establish with the audience, and the constant saturation which they reach on the field of brings back to consciousness of the majority of the social groups. Of this form, by means of the technological supports that offer mass media him, the State conquers a new organic capacity to realise of more competent way the cultural functions that must execute acetaminophen codeine governing instance of the society. That is to say, legal, fiscal, pedagogical, economic heavy the functions ideological that long ago the State through and bureaucratic administrative apparatuses exerted, etc., now are realised with greater lightness soma compound with codeine smoothness by means of the information technologies; without soma compound with codeine this reason, the organizational infrastructure of first disappears, acetaminophen codeine simply reform moving to secondary places.
These functions are multiple and vary according to soma compound with codeine conjunctures and the historical cycles by which they cross; and they hit, following the previous thing, in different processes and sectors from the society. Thus, on the one hand, soma compound with codeine their ideological practices the electronic soma compound with codeine influence in the political, economic areas, morals, psychic, sexual, etc., soma compound with codeine the social body. On the other, by means of these they conduct soma compound with codeine operations, of cultural modernization, reproduction of the labor energy, mutation of nutritional habits, native control, liberation of playful instincts, political soma compound with codeine secularisation or massive desecularización of the culture, of participation or social narcotización, economic organization, soma compound with codeine of value, etc.
This way through codeine 4 most efficient accomplishment of these tasks, the information channels have become the main codeine 4 institutions of hegemony. This new structural position that they conquer obtains from the social activities that exert by the messages and ideologies that produce, circulate and instill.
Nevertheless, soma compound with codeine soma compound with codeine of the technologies of information in the joint and consolidation of this structural relation, we observed basically it, among others, by the multiple organic insertion that carry out these in the process of fundamental reproduction of the modern society. With the amplified accomplishment of these cultural tasks through the soma compound with codeine modern technologies of information, the State is authorized to organize and to unite to the population in function to its project of development. By means of it, their bases of legality are extended and its power is increased to coordinate and to unite conjuncturally to the population.
With this, the active or passive consent is obtained from safer form that requires the conduction of the social set. Thus, with the intervention of electronic mass media leader is reduced to the existing distance between cupola, organic intellectuals and mass of individuals, which as well, repels more in the creation of a united and solid State. In an idea, he conquers the intellectual and moral direction of the social set via mass media.
Of this form, with soma compound with codeine acquisition of these modern technological arms, the Extended State Mexican reaches a new capacity to order and to recover the social weave permanently. Thus, it realises of more efficient way two great cultural joints of the society. On the one hand, it realises daily, in massive and soma compound with codeine intangible form, the consensual joint of the economic base of the historical formation, with his political and ideological superstructure of organization and social regulation.
On codeine 4 other, it unites culturally to the political society with the civil society, that is to say, soma compound with codeine the coercion apparatuses (police, Armed Forces, bureaucracy, soma compound with codeine etc.), with the hegemony apparatuses (political schools, family, churches, parties, unions, soma compound with codeine media, etc.) and vice versa. codeine 4 two joints or directions of the State are distinguished because unlike the repressive conduction that is clear and brutally coercive, these new directions are subtly pedagogical and persuasive.
Of this form, from the incorporation of the apparatuses from information to the battle area of the State, the projection takes place and extension of this one on the deprived plot of the society and occurs to the molecular expansion of the class leader on the set of the social life (9).
With this one phenomenon codeine 4 faculties practical of the State are increased remarkably soma compound with codeine codeine 4 culturally to the different social groups around the development program that it requires to direct. In an idea, with the incorporation of technology soma compound with codeine mass media new of information to the governmental apparatus, it substantially soma compound with codeine the potential of the State to produce and to conserve his hegemony.
For this reason, we can say that the Mexican society, means of collective diffusion and the new technologies of production of symbols and senses, they have become the main cultural instruments that create and maintain the hegemony that reproduces ideological and political to the system of being able national. Of here, the enormous importance of studying and of regulating its political operation legally to construct more democratic conditions of the electoral game.
II. - THE NEW POLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE ELECTIONS.
The electoral history of our nation teaches to us that the political campaigns for the Presidency of the Republic and other positions of popular representation that have been realised in the country, with the passage of the decades, gradually, have become more complex. Thus, we observed, for example, that at the beginning of the electoral processes pre and revolutionary pos detonating that, basically, the decision of the citizen vote shot to choose the candidate concentrated in the amount and quality of the direct bonding that maintained the diverse personages in fight with the multiple sectors with which it was desired to realise its campaigns of citizen conviction. For it, the abiertos meetings, the oratory in the public places, the collective visit to the work centers, conferences, the declarations in front of the power stations of workers, great unfolded the outer ones, the transport of masses, etc. were used.
, Nevertheless in agreement the Mexican society in the last decades has evolved and the population has reproduced vertiginously until turning us into a nation of gigantic colectivities, especially of urban masses, the electoral phenomenon has become substantially. Thus, we stated that at our modern time codeine 4 detonating power station that codeine 4 the citizen decision to define the direction codeine 4 its vote, moves of the space that exerted the work of direct bonding with the masses; now to move soma compound with codeine to the field of collective mass soma compound with codeine and its derivatives of culture of masses. That is to say, in the Mexico of end of century XX the political hegemony of the codeine 4 no longer is constructed through traditional meeting and of its instruments collaterals of long ago, but now the hegemony is conquered predominantly through the activity of remote acetaminophen codeine persuasion that the political parties carry acetaminophen codeine via mass media, especially, the modern electronic channels.
This last historical frame is the context of structural transformation in which the next political campaigns for election of deputies will be developed, senators, governors, Runs of the City of Mexico, headquarters of political parties and president of the Republic between the diverse political parties of Mexico: Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI), Party Action National soma compound with codeine soma compound with codeine of Revolución Democrática (PRD), Divided Green Ecologist (PVEM), Divided of the Front Cardenista de Reconstrucción Nacional (PFCRN), Divided of Trabajo (PT), Divided to Popular Socialist (PPS) and the Authentic Party of Mexican Revolución (PARM).
This social mutation means for the new elections that the strategic zone where the battle by the conviction of the national masses will occur and decide, no longer will be the Kioscos communitarian, the Athenians, the closed enclosures of the houses of cultures, mayorships, audiences, the tree-lined avenues of the colonies, the domiciliary visits, the university esplanades, the dots of the horse armor, etc. where the candidates with their different public meet; but, without disappearing these activities, the new neuralgic space where the civil election will be defined will be the zone of political mediation that construct to the collective mass media between parties and society, via the symbolic dynamics that these produce.
In soma compound soma compound with codeine codeine terms, if we added the total soma compound with codeine alive public with who the multiple candidates enter direct bonding positions of popular representation throughout all soma compound with codeine tours, we collect an insignificant data in front of the gigantic Box of Social Resonance that construct to the means of information when spreading soma compound with codeine instantaneously the acts of campaign to the 85 million soma compound with codeine of the country. In this sense, although the messages and soma compound with codeine of the campaigns are constructed from these concrete events of direct and daily human contact with the citizens; the heart of area of battle of soma compound with codeine new elections will be decided increasingly soma compound with codeine the propagandistic space of the collective channels of diffusion soma compound with codeine not in other social and political areas. Of this form, we soma compound with codeine say that the next presidential elections will gain or they will be lost in the sphere of competition of social mass media and not in other spaces of political socialization, especially, when this is the first occasion in all the history of Mexico that will introduce the abiertos debates of the diverse candidates soma compound with codeine the collective channels of diffusion (10).
Thus, the image and the opinion acetaminophen codeine the citizens acetaminophen codeine formed of the acetaminophen codeine candidates have come essentially from the symbolic mediation that the mass acetaminophen codeine and not of other institutional conduits have elaborated. For example, until before the murder of the Lic. Luis Donaldo Colosio acetaminophen codeine 1994, candidate of the PRI to the presidency of the Republic, based on the information that daily threw the information channels on the political image of the three more important soma compound with codeine to the presidency of the Republic, the population of the Federal District adopted in March of that year the acetaminophen codeine electoral tendencies:
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This reality acquired special relevance when we stated that for the presidential elections soma compound with codeine 1994 soma compound with codeine lock-political settled down to defend the fidelity of the citizen vote, and therefore, to avoid the corruption or electoral fraud. Thus, we observed, for example, that in soma compound with codeine political period made a new Electoral soma compound with codeine that was put under diverse external audits to confirm its acetaminophen codeine (11), the Ex-secretary of Interior Lic. Jorge Carpizo Mac. Gregor (man of well-known honesty and public integrity) was officially committed to defend the electoral soma compound with codeine (12), sent new credentials codeine 4 voter with photography and with authentication code of bars, they signed by the majority of the political parties the Pact of Electoral Civilidad (13), soma compound with codeine the presence of national observers and foreign during the elections (14), all the presidential candidates committed themselves to respect the vote, considered the accomplishment of an extraordinary period of sessions in the Legislative Congress to discuss to the transparency and trustworthiness of the elections and to realise a reform to the electoral law (15), etc.
Besides these political realities, other national and international conditions existed that demanded the application of the total electoral democracy in our nation: Thus, on the one hand, the pressure acted of the great foreign capitals that demand electoral processes transparencies to consider to Mexico like a democratic country where it is possible to be invested without being in danger social La Paz, and therefore, the destiny of their monetary investments in our mother country is safe (16). On the other hand, the Army Zapatista acetaminophen codeine Liberación Nacional (EZLN) requested impartiality of the electoral organs, strict respect to the vote soma compound with codeine that soma compound with codeine party has advantages in the elections to cancel the Declaration of war to the Mexican government and to sign social La Paz (17). On the other hand, the Private Initiative demanded that so that Mexico accedes to New Era of Democratic Civilidad clean elections take place, clear, I am transparent and of strict respect to the vote (18). Finally, the catholic church indicated that the unique form to rescue the increasing loss of electoral confidence and the progressive climate of ungovernability that advances in the country, it will occur with the respect to the free and responsible vote (19).
All this meant that, more and more, the elections had to gain on the basis soma compound with codeine the optimal work soma compound with codeine electoral effectiveness, particularly, in the use of social soma compound with codeine media, because the manoeuvre margin to soma compound with codeine the traditional electoral fraud was surrounded radically by the previous mechanisms of soma compound with codeine supervision. Situation that forced the diverse political parties to implement communicative but efficient engineering and outpost to gain the elections. Especially, when of soma compound with codeine it compares Instituto Federal Electoral (IFE) reduced the soma compound with codeine top for expenses of campaign of the diverse parties in fight of 730 million new weights to 135 million (20).
Of here, the crucial importance to reflect in electoral terms How to soma compound with codeine to collective means of information to conquer soma compound with codeine electoral victories. What strategies of cultural engineering are due to apply to gain soma compound with codeine elections. soma compound with codeine to respond through the channels of diffusion to the heart and to the stomach of the Deep Mexico that every time wakes up with greater force. How to produce a true hope that integrates the demands and the exigencies of millenarian participation of the main marginalized soma compound with codeine of the project of modernising development.
III. - THAT TO DO ELECTORAL BEFORE THE NEW COUNTRY.
Against these questionings we can say that traditionally soma compound with codeine elaboration of soma compound with codeine political campaigns of the candidate to the presidency of the Republic codeine 4 other positions of popular representation in our soma compound with codeine have been characterized to spread general and diffuse proposals in their codeine 4 contents that remain very distant of the urgent problems and needs but that it faces the population. In this sense, the political speeches have been very broken ties with the felt demands more of each concrete community where the acts of political proselytism are realised: the reality has exceeded very substantively the capacity of soma compound with codeine of the speech.
Nevertheless, today we lived other signs on the political times very different from those from the previous decades in our society. The present politico-social crisis codeine 4 is lived in the country, throws very different challenges codeine 4 cannot be solved with dynamic electoral the traditional ones soma compound with codeine they have been used and that has been based on the rhetoric, the abusive use of diffusion means, the massive transports, the entailment PRI-Government for the campaign acts, etc.
The new politico-social reality, especially after the conflict chiapaneco and of its extension atomized to the rest of the soma compound with codeine reflects one you will wake up of them more soma compound with codeine of the Deep Mexico , that it demands that so that the parties can soma compound with codeine a majority popular support in the next presidential elections, deeply replants the strategy and tactics of accomplishment of his campaigns, at risk that of not taking place these modifications lose the future electoral elections (21). Our social system already has demonstrated one of its diverse deep fractures that were constructed quiet throughout decades codeine 4 whose restoration requires the fast introduction of another different political sensitivity to which it has proposed the modern dynamics of the Invisible Hand of the codeine 4 Market that has spread by all the nation and the continent. Especially, when we stated that the Prista Republic is in crisis: three governors are of the BREAD, the PRI lost the control of at least four states (Michoacán, Potosí San Luis, Tabasco and Chiapas), 25% of the Senate will be of the opposition, 40% of the House of Representatives are of opposition, and the BREAD and the PRD advance like the humidity in the control of the Republic. And something unusual: A rebellion armed in Chiapas publicly requested the resignation of Salt mines like president of the Republic soma compound with codeine .
Today, it is observed that after the indigenous phenomenon of Chiapas the imaginary psychic-political that maintained the margins of governability of the country, has moved drastically and now all the social groups have brings back to consciousness that they can jump the line of containment that had worked during last the two decades to reach new revindicaciones. It is necessary to remember that simply acetaminophen codeine soma compound with codeine Federal District (where they throughout acetaminophen codeine place 4 or 5 marches to the day the year) the 24 of February of 1994 were realised 102 manifestations of multiple social groups that requested the respect to the civil vote in the next elections and diverse sectorial revindicaciones to elevate their standard of life (23).
This means that the elaboration of these new campaigns cannot be built soma compound with codeine soma compound with codeine old woman logics and traditional electoral practices that have been applied in the country. Its architecture must be raised from the new central demands of survival that is exhibiting the society and that comes from the urgent requests of elevation of their material levels, cultural and spiritual of life (24).
Therefore, it soma compound with codeine fundamental to move away of the logics of the simple conventional political speech that one has practiced during years, now to retake as guide of the production of the new contents of the campaigns the solution of the main needs of each specific community that it is wanted to wake up soma compound with codeine to win politically. In this sense, it is necessary to avoid to continue reproducing the independent codeine 4 independent political speech of the resolution of the codeine 4 national and regional conflicts (25).
For it, first that we required it is to know soma compound with codeine are soma compound with codeine fundamental needs that it has at this moment historical the Mexican society in each geographic zone of his development by which it crosses, to derive from these the communication urgencies that face the country soma compound with codeine that they must be retaken by the new political speeches.
In order to know soma compound with codeine needs acetaminophen codeine that they face acetaminophen codeine different sectors from the population, codeine 4 is required to examine the profile codeine 4 soma compound with codeine situation of life that presents/displays each one of the main human communities of the country. For this, it is essential to consider the presence and joint of a great number of indicators that condition the development of the social groups, like are the rates of population codeine 4 the average of unemployment, the composition by sexes and ages, the territorial surface that occupy, the codeine 4 of population, the urban and rural average, the codeine 4 habits, the percentage of active populace and inactivates, the codeine 4 of the entrance, the level of literacy and soma compound with codeine the characteristics of the house, the familiar tradition, the codeine 4 of cultures, the health pictures, the religious weight, the cultural cycles of the communities, the situation ecological, the mental forms of production, structures, the distribution of the entrance, etc.; in order to define the hierarchy of cultural urgencies that there are to approach in the diverse nuclei of settlers. That is to say, before producing the propagandistic speeches, an ample knowledge of the state of development of the country is required.
In order to reach this objective one will be due to consider like minimum soma compound with codeine following three criteria to construct the informative policies soma compound with codeine the diverse candidates to the soma compound with codeine of the Republic.
In first term, it will have to distinguish the presence of two types of conflicts soma compound with codeine acetaminophen codeine due to solve: structural that locates the their origin in problematic of existence of long term and conjunctural soma compound with codeine which they appear suddenly and vanish in soma compound with codeine periods of life. That is to say, in the Mexican society two types of facts are lived or tiled daily. On the one hand, those that are unpredictable as they are the explosion of oil platform acetaminophen codeine YUM-II, the 1985 earthquakes, the student manifestations, the spectacular taking of embassies by guerrillas, accidents in the highways, the explosion of the plant gasera of San Juan Ixhuatepec in 1984, the eruption of the volcano the Chichonal in the south-east, the milk sale contaminated by the CONASUPO in 1988, etc.
On soma compound with codeine other hand, they appear those others that are repetitive, that is to say, cyclical or appellants because they reproduce every certain time with a high margin soma compound with codeine coincidence, as they are the frosts acetaminophen codeine to invier to us, the hill of January at the beginning of year, union strikes in January and February, the infantile dehydrations all the summers, the votings for deputies and senators every three years and for president of the Republic every soma compound with codeine years, the tasks of fallow land and sowing of the Earth twice to the year, the respiratory diseases all the Decembers and Januaries, the migrations of the butterflies Monarchs all the springs, the arrival from the whales to Baja California all the Novembers, the water shortage all the low waters, the disturbance avenue of the cities at all the times of rains, etc.
Before the impredescibles soma compound with codeine conjunctural facts the political campaigns, do not have another soma compound with codeine more than to retake and to capitalize to its most soma compound with codeine favor, opportunely and audaciously the spontaneous events that happen soma compound with codeine the scene of the national and international life, because on these the degree of control or planning that can be exerted extremely acetaminophen codeine reduced. For example, little it is possible to be planned constantly on the campaigns of defamation that exerts the government of the E.U.A on our codeine 4 or the archaeological sackings, or the presence of hurricanes in the national coasts, or the civil fall of the frosts on the Mexican field, or rises, etc.
In second term, it is against repetitive or cyclical the facts that they happen in the entrails of the Mexican society that, basically, the campaigns must focus to medium and long term the design of their policies of partisan contents, because it is on these realities that the partisan action can be advanced to the events and be tied the speech of Political Directorate soma compound with codeine the main social reclamations.
Thus it would be possible to be affected with force the correction of the course of daily development of the life of the country. It is necessary to consider that is through these cycles that the society organizes of very important form its rationality, its emotions, its libido, its feelings, its energy, its thoughts, his brings back to consciousness, its pleasure, its religiousness, etc., every week, soma compound with codeine months, years, trienniums, presidential terms, soma compound with codeine periods, cycles and times of the national life. For this reason, the campaigns must tie the contents acetaminophen codeine the political speeches with these cycles appellants of social needs to contribute the strategic answers that they generate the attitudes and collective behaviors of popular support to his electoral proposal.
For example, it is necessary soma compound with codeine plan the political contents that they are due to produce and to spread through the political speeches before the thermal soma compound with codeine then every year they appear in the Valley of Mexico and other metropolitan zones. soma compound with codeine the lack of water because one repeats all the times of low water, especially, in the cities. Before the payment of services of taxes, soma compound with codeine exchange of plates, that every year occur. Before the soma compound with codeine of the marine turtles to Mexican beaches all the springs. Before the presence of pulmonary sufferings all the periods of cold. Before unemployment very marked at the soma compound with codeine of every year. Before the civil protests of the population. Before the wild fires that repeat every season of drought, etc.
Within the universe of structural problems that must approach the political speech of campaign appears, among others, the following 32 national realities with which this new cultural proposal must begin to reorganize the spirit and the national energy around the overcoming of our conflicts of development:
As well, within the fan of periods soma compound with codeine which these problems are organized and reproduced, we must soma compound with codeine among others, the following eleven cycles of national conflicts that must approach the campaigns to go ahead to the events and to reorganize to the country on the soma compound with codeine of another project of development:
Thirdly, by strategic questions soma compound with codeine soma compound with codeine advance more in soma compound with codeine accomplishment of this project, it is necessary to consider that within all acetaminophen codeine soma compound with codeine of structural problems that exist to the interior of the Mexican society, the campaigns must approach with greater rapidity and depth those that are codeine 4 for outstandingly by the civil society. codeine 4 this form, within the universe of serious contradictions that exist in the national codeine 4 will be due to retake mainly those demands set codeine 4 by the organized social groups, because they are these preoccupations those that already have a public captive and simultaneously leader of the social set that cries out by its soma compound with codeine and that consequently, will find major citizen support for their short resolution to and medium term.
Therefore, the directives of the policies of political contents soma compound with codeine come from the systematic examination soma compound with codeine the social scientists (social anthropologists, sociologists, politicians, comunicólogos, soma compound with codeine economists, educators, nutriólogos, city planners, doctors, psychologists, planners, etc.) realise on the central needs of the political audiences. It means, that the contents of the political proposal must arise from the analysis, the reflection and the discussion of the requirements acetaminophen codeine that the life of the different public of the country and not of the independent or independent speech faces from the main conflicts of national growth.
This means, that in the elaboration of the political campaigns there is soma compound with codeine elevate to rank of strategic priority the work of social investigation on the needs of material, cultural and spiritual growth of the main communities and regions of the Republic, to turn it into the criterion guides from which to their policies of soma compound with codeine principles and diffusion are constructed. It is necessary to avoid thus, to continue fomenting the electoral informative torrent elaboration from the directives of the rhetoric, the general exposition, the advertising speech, the anecdotal data, etc. because the present times are of hard fight of political credibility and every time they will be more soma compound with codeine the next months. Therefore, the vanguard soma compound with codeine the success soma compound with codeine the diverse projects of campaign will be obtained soma compound with codeine as the dynamic ones of speeches leave from the great discovery and the resolution of the problematic ones of social and human overcoming of the Mexican population, through exercise of the investigation; and of other traditional mercadológicas strategies not soma compound with codeine elaborate the campaigns of partisan propaganda.
We think that only a new model can arise from Political Directorate for the new times of transition of the country if part of a deep organic soma compound with codeine between the political speech of the acetaminophen codeine and the priorities of development of each acetaminophen codeine situation that will be contributed by the investigation, the organized civil participation and a new political will of the soma compound with codeine society to grow.
Footnotes:
(1) Juan Somavia, the Communication and the Transnational Model of Development, Magazine New Society no. 30, September - October of 1978, Caracas, Venezuela, page 33. About codeine 4 degree of codeine 4 and methodologic understanding of this phenomenon, it is important to recognize that the codeine 4 efforts realised until now by the approaches critics of the communication, soma compound with codeine insufficient to clarify this reality. This last one soma compound with codeine infinitely more express than the reflection that is constructed around her. It is enough to think that even though we continued using the codeine 4 information and communication , these are applied to social phenomena radically different from which was described with these same terms in the decade of the 40 . We are classified within a language that is incapable to reflect its present global and total meaning. It is enough to as much think that the acetaminophen codeine of Rewters as the last communications satellite is also called information but their social effects are substantially different. The Communication and the Transnational Model, soma compound with codeine page 33 to 34.
Javier Esteinou Madrid, Educative Displacement and Mass media, Magazine of CONAFE no. 3, Subdivision of Social Communication, National Advice of Educative Fomento, Mexico D.F., July - soma compound with codeine of 1991, pages 4 to 12; Communication, Hegemony and soma compound with codeine of the Capitalist State, Magazine Studies on Contemporary Cultures no. 16 and 17, Program Cultures, University Center of Investigaciones Sociales (CUIS), University of Sights on, Sights on, Mexico, 1993.
codeine 4
(2) Within the present trajectory of world-wide evolution that soma compound with codeine the electronic technology in the present soma compound with codeine that will be continued maintaining in the future, they emphasize the following four lines of technological innovations:
a. - Innovations related acetaminophen codeine the computers: I) telecomputadoras, II) microfiches, III) material acetaminophen codeine registry and location of the information, IV) electronic computers, that go from the calculators of great speed to the complex information systems, and V) soma compound with codeine science (videoteces: Ceefax and Antiope).
b. - Innovations in soma compound with codeine matter of recording of the soma compound with codeine I) tape recorders, II) portable video cameras, that soma compound with codeine to record sounds and images, (magnetoscopes of 1/2 soma compound with codeine that fulfill the norms and that have the quality of the normal broadcasting), and thanks to which the public can dominate the television, instead of being a simple subject of her, and that releases to the material video of the own limitations of a study.
c. - Innovations in the matter of transmission of the information: I) numerical technology applied soma compound with codeine the sound and to the numerical soma compound with codeine II) estereofonía recorded and spread by the radio; III) communications satellites in equatorial codeine 4 that connect the continents by means of the image and the sound (visiófono, video conferences); IV) new cables, coaxial manifolds and, of great capacity, that multiply the soma compound with codeine transoceanic channels for the telephone and the based information; V) fibers or tubes of light, that allow to transmit a prodigious amount of information, million phonic signals or thousands of television signals, for example); VI) transmission of sounds and images by microwaves; VII) máseres; VIII) laser (that offers the new soma compound with codeine of technical devices, for example for the delicate surgical operations (in particular, in ophtalmology), industrial instruments that practically abren new limitless possibilities; and IX) radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony that, when using the frequency spectrum of radio, provide very diverse services and that exceed today the ionosphere already and arrive at the atmospheric extra space.
d. codeine 4 Innovations in the matter of codeine 4 and reproduction of the information: I) offset codeine 4 II) chemical processes of document reproduction, videodiscs; III) consoles of video for the correction of copies and tests; IV) holographies; V) telescopía of newspapers and magazines by telephone and satellites; VI) numerical acetaminophen codeine or of liquid crystals, and electronic adapters for new modalities of use of the television screens; VII) electronic graph, that the computer with the techniques of the press combines and which they can revolutionize the newspaper production, magazines and books, when multiplying the rapidity and reducing acetaminophen codeine the costs of reproduction in black and target and color; VIII) machines of impression of soma compound with codeine speed, that they also reproduce the photography and the colors; IX) telemecanografía; X) material telephoto and XI) receiving of electrostatic photos.
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(3) It is codeine 4 to notice that due to the technological codeine 4 codeine 4 mass media, the cultural landscape of the traditional societies has changed drastically. Within these modifications, one of the main problems that have arisen, is the reduction of the personal communication by the interference of the electronic channels soma compound with codeine the intimate spaces of the soma compound with codeine of pairs, group relative and. In order to extend this to consult, Provisional Report on the Problems of the soma compound with codeine in the Modern Society, builds cit., page 26 to soma compound with codeine and A single World. Multiple voices: Communication and Information in Our Time, build cit., page 91 to 92, 105 to 109 and 146 to 148.
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(4) a conception intuitive and instrumental, but also idealistic on the form as the society modifies with the presence of the informative technologies we found, it of embryonic way in the thought of Marshall Mc soma compound with codeine To consult the Understanding of the Average codeine 4 like the Extensions of Hombre, Editorial Diana, S.A., Mexico D.F., 1979. A moderate Critic to the thought of Mc Luhan can be consulted in Gianpiero Gauraleri, the Galaxy of Mc Luhan, Editorial TIES, Spain, 1981.
For a general panorama on the line of evolution that has followed the information technologies from the telegraph in 1840 soma compound with codeine the commercialization of silicon crystals, to consult A single World. Multiple voices Communication and Information in Our Time, build cit., page 31 to 36.
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(5) Consultar shows to work the Materialistic Study of the Communication of Masses, Notebooks of TICOM no. 1, Department of Education and Communication, Metropolitan Independent University, Xochimilco Unit, Mexico D.F., March 1979.
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(6) We must remember that with the purpose of to conserve the balance that requires the empire of the capital, the Creole leaders or foreign, through its direct soma compound with codeine or by means of the soma compound with codeine of the State represents that them, they are seen permanently forced to dominate and to organize around its historical project, to the acetaminophen codeine system of communication and information, and very in particular, to means of collective diffusion. Of these last soma compound with codeine primarily it monopolizes to those of technology soma compound with codeine outpost, since they are those that offer major to them to be able of creation of consensus and collective subordination . To consult our work, the Social Agreement of Mass media of Masses, in Seminary of Social Communication, Series Tests no. 10, Independent University Metropolitan, Mexico D.F., 1983, page 19 to 20.
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(7) Pensamos that it is due acetaminophen codeine this type of highly organic insertion that has reached soma compound with codeine media within soma compound with codeine State and the structural operation of the society, that is very difficult its deep transformation. The frustrated attempts more recent than tried to modify the global structure of mass media we found, them in project RETELVE of Venezuela in 1977 and the projects of Right to the Information in soma compound with codeine and of Democratization of the Communication in soma compound with codeine in Mexico. In order to extend this soma compound with codeine one, to consult of Javier Solórzano Zinser, Social Communication and Political Will, the Day, 18 of June of 1983.
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(8) soma compound with codeine concept of the Extended State is an analytical category totally left by the critical reflection of the European and Latin American communication. The unique discipline has retaken that it and developed has been Political Science through the theory of the apparatuses of hegemony, represented, especially, by the shining works of Christine Buci-Glucksmann.
Our effort consists of reclaiming acetaminophen codeine theoretical arsenal forgotten to enrich it and to expand it with acetaminophen codeine contributions that the material evolution of mass media and the technologies of information has offered on the plot of the traditional apparatuses of hegemony. We are convinced that this theoretical matrix is one of main veins and conceptual directives that allow us to include/understand the soma compound with codeine and transformations that exert the technologies of communication within the present scope of the power.
Return.
(9) to deepen in this one point to consult of Mabel Piccini, On the Discursiva Production, the Communication and the Ideologies, Metropolitan Independent University, Xochimilco Unit, mimeografiada version, Mexico D.F., August of 1981, page 24 to 26.
Return.
(10) Prepared Diego Fernandez de Cevallos to pay the debate of candidates by television, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
On this aspect acetaminophen codeine candidate of the BREAD to the presidency of the Republic, Diego Fernandez de Cevallos, indicates that if they want to us to acetaminophen codeine the owners of the stations by a televising debate acetaminophen codeine are going, it to pay. Nevertheless, this he would have of being one of the benefits, one of contributions one of the responsibilities of mass media Ibid.
Return.
(11) Any evaluation will resist the Electoral Register, Excelsior, 7 of March of 1994.
Within soma compound with codeine process of electoral improvement one has resorted to the destruction of the credentials that codeine 4 not received by the empadronados ones in the been suitable acetaminophen codeine Thus, for example, in the State of acetaminophen codeine 230.062 formats of credentials of people were only destruídas who during 1991 and 1992 did not gather and later they were covered with a mixture with concrete armed and buried in two graves sealed before the presence of a public notary. Destroyed 230.062 electoral credentials soma compound with codeine Guanajuato: RFE, Excelsior, 21 of February of 1994.
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(12) In 1994 the cleanest stage soma compound with codeine all the history of the country, soma compound with codeine 2 of March of 1994.
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(13) No vote besides the law, the Day, 9 of December of 1994; Neither I need nor I want votes besides the Law: Colosio, Excelsior, 9 of December of 1994.
Return.
(14) It would accept foreign observant CSG, according to Reuter, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994; Foreign observers without possibility of judging: Fidel, Excelsior, 7 of March of 1994; Green light to foreign observers, the Financier, 7 of March of 1994; Prepared the IP to contribute electoral observers: CEC, Excelsior, 10 of December of 1994.
Return.
(15) Very possible the extra period: Maria of Brown Los Angeles, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994; New congressional debate, but still without agreement on the extra period, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994; Serious indications that it can have the Electoral Reformation, affirm Cardinal red, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994; Discursiva skirmish between the legislators, Excelsior, 3 of March of 1994.
Return.
(16) Still codeine 4 needs much to cross to the Imperfect Democracy , the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
Return.
(17) Answer to the EZLN: Guarantee of electoral impartiality, Excelsior, 3 of March of 1994.
Return.
(18) A new Era of Democratic Civilidad , demands the Deprived Initiative, Excelsior, soma compound with codeine of March of 1994.
Return.
(19) The loss electoral confidence moves away to us more of the democracy: CEM, Excelsior, codeine 4 of February of 1994.
Return.
(20) The codeine 4 cost of the PRI will not exceed the soma compound with codeine 135 million: OEV, soma compound with codeine 7 of March of 1994.
Return.
(21) Perhaps soma compound with codeine last presidential term lives the PRI: Florencio Salazar, the Financier, 23 of February of 1994; Thus We go soma compound with codeine a crisis? , Excelsior, 26 of February of 1994; Fall of Mexican myths, Excelsior, 27 of February of 1994; Reconstruction of the PRI, without promises nonfulfilled nor lies, Excelsior, 2 of March of 1994; Gentlemen the things have really begun to change, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994; Political indicator, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994.
Return.
(22) Political indicator, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994.
Return.
(23) Political indicator, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994.
Return.
(24) 100 marches by the democracy, Excelsior, 24 of February of 1994; Limitation to excesses of demonstrators, raises Eyrie Go'mez, Excelsior, 25 of February of 1994.
Return.
(25) Campaigns of height to recover the credibility: Cecilia Grove, Excelsior, 25 of February of 1994.
Return.
Consulted documentation:
- Foreign observant CSG soma compound with codeine accept, according to Reuter, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
- Thus We go Towards a crisis? , Excelsior, 26 soma compound with codeine February of 1994.
- Still it needs much to cross to the Imperfect Democracy , the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
- Fall of Mexican myths, Excelsior, 27 of February of 1994.
- Campaigns of height to recover the credibility: Cecilia Grove, Excelsior, 25 of February of 1994.
- Gentlemen the things have really begun to change, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994.
- Destroyed 230.062 electoral credentials in Guanajuato: RFE, Excelsior, 21 of February of 1994.
- Prepared the IP to contribute electoral observers: CEC, Excelsior, 10 of December of 1994.
- Prepared Diego Fernandez de Cevallos to pay the debate of candidates by television, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
- The maximum acetaminophen codeine of the PRI will not exceed the N$ 135 acetaminophen codeine OEV, Excelsior, 7 of March of 1994.
- In 1994 the cleanest stage of all the history of the country, Excelsior, 2 of March of 1994.
- Discursiva Skirmish between the legislators, Excelsior, 3 of March of 1994.
- Esteinou Madrid, soma compound with codeine Communication, Hegemony and Transformation of the Capitalist State, Magazine Studies on Contemporary Cultures no. 16 and 17, Program Cultures, University Center of Investigaciones Sociales (CUIS), University of Sights on, Sights on, Mexico, 1993.
- Esteinou Madrid, Javier, the Social Agreement of Mass media of Masses, in Seminary of Social Communication, Series Tests no. 10, soma compound with codeine University Metropolitan, Mexico D.F., 1983.
- Esteinou Madrid, Javier, the Materialistic Study of the Communication of Masses, Notebooks of TICOM no. 1, Department of Education and Communication, Metropolitan Independent University, Xochimilco Unit, Mexico D.F., March 1979.
- Esteinou Madrid, Educative Displacement and Javier, Mass media, Magazine soma compound with codeine CONAFE no. 3, Subdivision of Social Communication, National Advice of Educative Fomento, Mexico D.F., July - September of 1991.
- Gauraleri, Gianpiero; The acetaminophen codeine of Mc Luhan, Editorial TIES, Spain, 1981.
- Indicating Politician, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994.
- Indicating Politician, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994.
- Indicating Politician, the Financier, 4 of March of 1994.
- Serious Indications soma compound with codeine it can have the Electoral soma compound with codeine affirm Cardinal red, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994.
- The loss electoral confidence moves away to us more of the democracy: CEM, Excelsior, 25 of February of 1994.
- Limitation to excesses of demonstrators, raises Eyrie Go'mez, Excelsior, 25 of February of 1994.
- Green light to foreign observers, the Financier, 7 of March of 1994.
- Mc Luhan, Marshall; The Understanding of the Average soma compound with codeine like the Extensions of Hombre, Editorial Diana, S.A., Mexico D.F., 1979.
- Very possible the extra period: Maria of Brown Los Angeles, the Financier, 2 of March of 1994.
- No vote codeine 4 the law, the Day, 9 of codeine 4 of 1994; Neither I need nor I want votes besides the Law: Colosio, Excelsior, 9 of December of 1994.
- New congressional debate, but still without agreement on the extra period, the Financier, 3 of March of 1994.
- Observant foreigners without possibility of judging: Fidel, Excelsior, 7 of March of 1994.
- Piccini, Mabel; On the Discursiva Production, the Communication and the Ideologies, Metropolitan Independent University, Xochimilco Unit, mimeografiada version, Mexico D.F., August soma compound with codeine 1981.
- Perhaps its last presidential term lives the PRI: Florencio Salazar, the soma compound with codeine 23 of February of 1994.
- Any evaluation Will resist the Electoral Register, Excelsior, 7 of March of 1994.
- Answer to the EZLN: Guarantee of electoral impartiality, Excelsior, 3 of March of 1994.
- Reconstruction of the PRI, without promises nonfulfilled nor lies, Excelsior, 2 of March of 1994.
- Solórzano Zinser, Javier; Social communication and Political Will, the Day, 18 of June of 1983.
- Somavia, Juan; The Communication and the Transnational Model of Development, Magazine New Society no. 30, September - October of 1978, Caracas, Venezuela.
- A new Era of Democratic Civilidad , demands the Deprived Initiative, Excelsior, 4 of March of 1994.
- 100 marches by the democracy, Excelsior, 24 of February of 1994.
