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By Light Grouse Number 49
Introduction More ago than twenty years, when it initiated my university studies in the city of Mexico, in more than an occasion I met who, to the knowledge that I was mexicalense, they asked if Mexicali were part of the United States, and gave by fact that due to my origin, was almost forced that I spoke English. In the imaginary one of aims of the Seventies, to talk about to the North border of Mexico was almost like speaking of another country, distant and strange, strongly influenced by the North American culture, and little tie with the center.
Of then to the date, the television abierta in national chain has extended its reach, and the payment television arrived with more than 70 channels, not only of Mexico, the United States and the United Kingdom, but of Spain and Venezuela. In this way the prescription drug synthroid supply for the inhabitants of buy synthroid without a prescription has registered a remarkable increase, and buy synthroid without a prescription bows with the center of the country have been fortified when sharing contents that equal are seen in Tabasco that in City Victory.
Also, in the academic plane one has advanced much in the knowledge of the border synthroid prescription of the north of Mexico, synthroid prescription thanks to the works that synthroid prescription diverse institutions and by varied authors, have contributed to that - al less in the scope of the academy is clear the cultural complexity of a region where manifolds are pronounced identities; nevertheless, the diffusion that has become of some particular characteristics of some specific cities, has fed that one imaginary one with new protagónicos elements: assassinated women, assembly plants, cholos, e'migre's.
But neither all the border is buy synthroid without a prescription Juárez, nor Mexicali is Tijuana.
For this reason, and in order to contribute elements for a better knowledge of the border culture of the north of Mexico, and specifically of the city of Mexicali, in year 2003 the study was carried out Consumption of cultural goods in popular sectors of the city of Mexicali , that counted on the support of the Independent University of Baja California (UABC) and the Institute of Culture of Baja California (ICBC).
The synthroid prescription synthroid prescription the project left from the lack of studies regarding the state of Baja California prescription drug synthroid to its municipalities, that they make possible to count on descriptive information in the matter of culture and communication. For Mexicali, at least, the antecedent of a study was had only of cuts national in whom a group of college students of the UABC participated and that was realised more ago than one decade (González and Chávez., 1996), with methodology and intentions different from those from the study that here review.
In the case of our work, the objective was to characterize the consumption of cultural goods in homes of prescription drug synthroid sectors of the city of Mexicali, for which it settled synthroid prescription to use synthroid prescription quantitative methodology, specifically, the rise of a survey between the population group object of the study.
The obtained results allow to identify not only the consumption of cultural goods in the homes, but to stratify them by age group, economic level and colony, besides showing the preferences as far as televising, wireless products, of recorded music live and in concerts; as well as the attendance to the spaces that comprise of the cultural infrastructure of institutions that operate in the city, like the UABC, the ICBC and the House of the Culture (today Municipal Cultural Center); although for this document the results with respect to massive buy synthroid without a prescription consumption appear solely of communication.
Basic concepts A first step to delimit the reaches of the study is to define the terms that constitute the title of the investigation, and among them, the one of cultural goods occupies a fundamental place.
In the Marxist tradition, the concept of or alludes to the satisfaction or benefit, use capacity that provides the objects, its value of use; and merchandise are distinguished of the term since this last one has the property of being interchanged by money: besides value of use it has value of change. For that reason same Marx explains how she can have goods that are not merchandise (Marx, 1978). buy synthroid without a prescription in the context of the market buy synthroid without a prescription the present terminology strongly is influenced by the neoclassic economy, so that the concept of goods is not distinguished already of the one of merchandise, and we decided on the first term.
Combined its value of use, we faced the problem of which in the scope of the cultural production - that involves the arts, identifiable goods by their materiality and permanence are had easily; but, simultaneously, others not so buy synthroid without a prescription and of short duration - like a presentation of dance or a program of buy synthroid without a prescription but not for that reason less materials, and either devoid do not exist of the capacity to be enjoyed. Thus, by goods as much objects were considered as events and emissions.
The characteristic synthroid prescription prescription drug synthroid goods, synthroid prescription our case, is that they are cultural goods, and for the operationalisation of the concept it resorted to the contributions of Pierre Bourdieu prescription drug synthroid since from the establishment of social fields, this French author identifies to the field of the cultural production constituted basically by two subfields in opposition: the one of the production restricted, that corresponds to the high culture and the legitimized art, with the corresponding supporting institutions; and the one of the culture of masses, where the cultural industries are located. In this way, the cultural goods object of the study are identified with the supply of specific instances like the ICBC, the UABC and the City council of Mexicali, on the one hand; and on the other, with that communication means of and to which are synthroid prescription by massive has access in the city of Mexicali, B.C.
As far as term consumption , we retook initially proposal of Néstor Garci'a Canclini (1993, P. 24), defines who it as the set of sociocultural processes in which the appropriation and the uses of products are realised , although we did not adopt his later definition of cultural consumption.
That first approach buy synthroid without a prescription the consumption concept was enriched with the identification done buy synthroid without a prescription Silverstone (in Storey, 2003, prescription drug synthroid 165-166) with respect to which in the consumption process it is possible to distinguish six moments: commercial production (commodification), imagination, appropriation, objectivisation, incorporation buy synthroid without a prescription conversion. Those moments can be located in which it stops the economy are the stages of production, circulation and consumption of merchandise, where the commercial production corresponds to first of them; the imagination we can locate it in the sphere of the circulation, promoted by the publicity, that raises properties (real or buy synthroid without a prescription that allows to form an image of the product; buy synthroid without a prescription the appropriation , objectivisation and the incorporation would be located in which in economy it is buy synthroid without a prescription the consumption, the moment at which a product leaves the market to happen to the buy synthroid without a prescription finally. At those three last moments, that talk about to which the consumer does with the product, the appropriation identifies with the acquisition (in as much merchandise) or the reception of or cultural, whereas an objectivisation and the incorporation - almost very indissolubly united they have to do with subjective processes of valuation, in which the individual assigns to or a sense and a hierarchy prescription drug synthroid the accumulation of goods that consumes, and is part of its life. The conversion, finally, is related to the form in which the good, already appropriate, objetivado and incorporated, can be used to articulate meaning public.
With base in the mentioned authors, as well as in Douglas and Isherwood (1979), one is clear the consumption like a practice who on the one hand, realise the individuals in a society, so that she is conditional, by the prescription drug synthroid conditions of the individual and by the meaning that prescription drug synthroid have assigned so much to him to the same consumption as to the consumed goods; and on the other, by subjective aspects.
However, due to buy synthroid without a prescription quantitative character of the study and to the own limitations of buy synthroid without a prescription and time, the term consumption , in this work, was confined at the moment that Storey buy synthroid without a prescription appropriation ; that is to say, on the one buy synthroid without a prescription the reception of those cultural goods less materials , than takes place in the act to go to the place in which a representation or buy synthroid without a prescription is carried out (generally in own buy synthroid without a prescription of the cultural institutions, although not exclusively), prescription drug synthroid they would be the cases of plays, presentations of dance, plastic exhibitions of arts and photographs, concerts, functions of cinema, etc. On the other hand, the concept includes also the appropriation, like acquisition, of products of the cultural industries; and in such sense, it is not only tried to buy discs or films, but we considered that the exhibition in the home to the messages of the radio and the television, for example, although seems to be gratuitous, implies a cost, since the same act to catch the apparatus consumes electrical energy that will have to pay in the date that marks the receipt.
As for the popular sectors, the title of the study thus talks synthroid prescription groups of population of the synthroid prescription of Mexicali, Baja California, in as much consuming of cultural goods, so that it is again with base in Bourdieu as we approached its identification.
For prescription drug synthroid author, it exists a homology between the synthroid prescription of the production and the consumption, as well as an association between each type of product and its public, so that the popular products correspond synthroid prescription the layers inferiors of the field of the cultural production (average massive of communication); and of similar way, the consumers of those products are located, in the social structure, the layers inferiors (Bourdieu, 1993), that exclude the best off groups of the society.
Thus, in order to identify to the popular sectors of the city of Mexicali 2001 were taken as it bases a study realised in the Institute of Social Investigations of the UABC, that takes by title exploratory Study of marginality in Baja California (Ranfla ET to.,). , and that gave like result the characterization of five levels of marginality, as well as its space distribution in urban La Mancha, divided in basic geoestadísticas areas (AGEB).
Of the five identified levels, the 1 buy synthroid without a prescription to the one of lower level of buy synthroid without a prescription and for the case of Mexicali, in buy synthroid without a prescription buy synthroid without a prescription located the 27,6% of the population, that corresponds to the one of majors income and access to the services public and urban infrastructure. On the contrary, level 5 is the one that shows to major degree of marginality buy synthroid without a prescription minor well-being level), and corresponds to 0,4% of the population. Nevertheless, since the study implied the rise of a survey that included the massive means product reception like the radio and the television, for which the electrical energy is indispensable, was decided to discard to the AGEB located in the level 5 of marginality, which they correspond generally to irregular urban establishments, of buy synthroid without a prescription and risky access for the polls, and with little or null disposition of electrical energy. In this way, the population including in the term popular sectors stayed defined as 70% of inhabitants of the city of Mexicali, located in the AGEB with levels 2 to 4 of marginality, that correspond to a total of 90 AGEB, with 99 574 houses (INEGI, 2000).
The sample Once defined the size of the objective population, the sample was calculated with base in Scheaffer, Mendenhall and Ott (1987), with error of 5% estimation, reason why the result was of 399 houses, sample that maintained the proportionality of the weight of each socioeconomic profile in the population total. Because the ten percent of interviews synthroid prescription the sample size was added to guarantee the number of responded valid questionnaires, a total of 439 survey houses was had. The selection of the AGEB, as well as of the colonies and apples survey, was carried out of random way. To each AGEB a consecutive number was assigned to him, of the 1 in future, and from the emission of random numbers by computer, the numbers of the AGEB were selected that would comprise of the sample. The same procedure was repeated for the colonies in each AGEB, and for apples in each colony.
The applied questionnaire consists of 40 reagents prescription drug synthroid its corresponding interjections, and is organized in 6 sections: prescription drug synthroid sociodemographic data, use of the free time and the activities of weekend, buy synthroid without a prescription for the reception and exhibition buy synthroid without a prescription massive means of communication, consumption of cultural goods outside the house and the preferences of the inhabitants of the same, preferences of reading and other activities, and attendance to own spaces of institutional the cultural supply.
Some results The general results prescription drug synthroid study show that the activity of consumption of cultural goods more executed during the free time is to watch, although with differences according to the age group, since in the children of 12 years or less, to play it was the activity more mentioned (60,7%) synthroid prescription the adults majors of 60 years prefer to rest (28,6%). However, in both cases, the second chosen option as answer were the one to watch. To these data it is necessary to add that, concerning equipment for the massive means reception, 99,3% of the survey houses have a prescription drug synthroid at least, in contrast to 84,3% that have radio receiver.
For the week ends, the dilemma to leave or not to leave is always present: in 51.5% of the homes they leave house the weekend, whereas in 48.5% they remain, and what they do is, mainly, to watch (43,5%). And with respect to that they choose to leave, the most frequent answer went than they go to the house of some prescription drug synthroid (29,7%).
We find synthroid prescription base in these data, that synthroid prescription synthroid prescription time enters the studied sectors, associated generally with the consumption of cultural goods, has like main protagonist prescription drug synthroid massive means: the television, and agrees with the buy synthroid without a prescription thing for the city of Mexico by buy synthroid without a prescription Canclini and Piccini (1993), in the sense of the familiar imprisonment in the house and the preference to consume, in her, the goods synthroid prescription by the cultural industries. In the studied mexicalenses homes, the television stays caught an average of 6,6 hours to the day.
We observe in detail the information now: in 73.2% prescription drug synthroid the homes with children, these prefer Televisa prescription drug synthroid 5 (XHGC), and the same happens in 47.7% of the houses with adolescents; and in both cases, the second mentioned channel was the 2 of Televisa (XEW) (square 1 and 2). These channels are received so much by television abierta as of payment, so the cable availability in the house did not establish well-known differences.
In buy synthroid without a prescription houses with adults (18 to 59 years) and adults majors (60 years or more) the tuned channel more is the 2 of Television (50% and buy synthroid without a prescription respectively), although as second option the answers differ: while for the adults it is channel 5 of Television, for the adults majors she is Aztec 13 (XHDF) (square 3 and 4).


* The channel Fox 9 is synthroid prescription in Mexicali, but the signal comes from the Center, California.
To almost 3 000 kilometers of Mexicali, synthroid prescription the city of It sights on, the channels that the families see with more frequency are the same than in Mexicali: the 2 and the 5 of Television (Zermeño, 2000); and in the Federal District, the realised buy synthroid without a prescription showed that 45% of the survey ones preferred channel 2, and 28,2% buy synthroid without a prescription channel 5 (Garci'a Canclini and Piccini, 1993, p.68).


If from the televising consumption it were tried to look for differences between the mexicalenses of the popular sectors and the inhabitants the city of buy synthroid without a prescription or the colimenses, there would not buy synthroid without a prescription them. The variety in the local supply prescription drug synthroid electronic prescription drug synthroid inversely shows to be proportional the size of the required investment to have means and the associate production costs (Thompson, 1990). synthroid prescription while in cinema - with its millionaire productions the synthroid prescription supply is of Hollywood invoice, in open television is counted on national chains and the repeating prescription drug synthroid whereas in radio increase the existence of locally administered transmitters, even though comprise of great national chains. synthroid prescription radio monitorings, nevertheless, are few; and the answers, so varied as the stations.
In buy synthroid without a prescription resistance buy synthroid without a prescription synthroid prescription television, buy synthroid without a prescription radio catch ons an average of 2,86 hours daily. The adolescents who listen to radio in their home tune in greater proportion station 91,5, of the chain Exa FM (21,8%), synthroid prescription transmits music rock buy synthroid without a prescription MGP in English buy synthroid without a prescription and, prescription drug synthroid well as hip-hop, with a similar format in all the Mexican Republic. In 12.9% of the homes with adults, synthroid prescription prefer Dynamics 105,9 FM, of Radiorama Organization, whose programming in Spanish is predominantly of grupera music and band, with programs of direct telephone voting with the cabin operator. And it is only in the synthroid prescription of the adults majors where the favourite station (50% of answers) is one that the own mexicalenses recognize like identification of their city: a station characterized by the dominant presence of a speaker who during decades has buy synthroid without a prescription to title of the main program of that station, in which the newspapers are read, comment the news and obituarios, warnings occur on misled passports, and the weather forecast is accepted like faith buy synthroid without a prescription A.M. is Mexican Radio in the 910, also of Radiorama, that transmits Sport the Sonorama program or of Bermúdez , as many mentioned survey it, by its August conductor Hernandez Bermúdez. A program that few know as it is called, but many know that it prescription drug synthroid and that in their musical programming present/display romantic ballads and something of ranchera synthroid prescription everything in Spanish.
It is possible to emphasize that in the group of adolescents only there was a reference to a television channel of EUA (Fox 9), and in adolescents and adults one wrote down a station of the Center, buy synthroid without a prescription (94,5 FM, Superstar ), that when forming part of the Univisión chain transmits in Spanish for the Hispanic public of EUA and counts on programs spoken of interviews, jokes and calls of the public, buy synthroid without a prescription ballad MGP predominantly of singers of buy synthroid without a prescription origin.
To the previous thing it is possible to add that with respect to purchase of recorded music, in 36.2% of the homes it was reported to have bought compact discs or buy synthroid without a prescription during the year previous to the rise, and even though the preferences as far as musical sorts prescription drug synthroid very diverse, is possible to be affirmed that the favourites by this sector of population are those of MGP in Spanish, grupera, romantic and ranchera (picture 5). The proximity with the United States, does not seem, then, to be buy synthroid without a prescription to prefer songs in English.

As far as average forms, two newspapers - both produced locally, but filial of great national companies dispute the preferences in those homes (64,9%) where the reading of this means prescription drug synthroid The Voice of the Border and the prescription drug synthroid of Baja California. First, part of Mexican Publishing Organization, was mentioned in 66% of the cases where the newspaper is read, whereas its competitor - Healy- Newspaper as soon as it reached 17% of mentions (picture 6).

As for the reading of magazines, books, cómics, etc., in 60.4% of the houses this buy synthroid without a prescription on the part of some of its inhabitants buy synthroid without a prescription carried out, and in spite of the diversity of buy synthroid without a prescription it is possible to be observed buy synthroid without a prescription the preferences are related to the age group to that is independent. The proportion of homes where the children read is very low (6,8% of the homes), and the reading material is the buy synthroid without a prescription texts (36,7% of the cases). For the adolescents who read - although very few their student activities condition that the first election is the one of scholastic books; and besides that, in 10.4% of the cases they prefer the magazine TV and Novels, that Television buy synthroid without a prescription publishes, and that is for the adults the buy synthroid without a prescription option (12,5%), followed by the Bible (10,3%) (square 7 and 8). The adults majors, on buy synthroid without a prescription other hand, concentrate 40% of their preferences in buy synthroid without a prescription subjects, or reading the Bible (27,5%) or magazines with that one character (12,5%) (picture 9). He is observed how, as it advances the age, the reading subjects are oriented towards spiritual contents and they move away closely of tie publications with the world of the spectacle. Of similar way, in agreement with Garci'a Canclini and Piccini (1993), in the D.F a significant proportion (28,4%) of the survey ones by them read magazines derived from the television, like TV and Novels, It operates by remote control, and You are.



_ in 57.6% synthroid prescription the house survey buy synthroid without a prescription of the inhabitant have go buy synthroid without a prescription the cinema during the year synthroid prescription and the average of attendance general be of almost eight time buy synthroid without a prescription the year, although with difference, again, according to the age: the averages of attendance are of 4,77, 7,38, 9,92 and 8,75 synthroid prescription for the children, adolescents, adults and adults majors, respectively; and the mentioned sorts more were the infantile films, for the children, and those of action for the rest of the age groups. In this case the supply is dominated by the American productions, although yes it was gotten to mention to the Mexican films: 1,6% of the adolescents, buy synthroid without a prescription of the adults and 5,3% of the adults majors they had seen national productions.
Conclusions From the data, it is possible to establish four types of consumption of massive means of communication, strongly related to the conditions in which the supply appears and to the form in which - according to its own characteristics each means are consumed.
First of all, it is observed buy synthroid without a prescription there is a consumption that we could synthroid prescription global , identified with buy synthroid without a prescription supply of buy synthroid without a prescription cinematographic industry, synthroid prescription the buy synthroid without a prescription of Hollywood, present not only in Mexicali, Baja California or Mexico, but simultaneously in the rest of the world, with simultaneous openings in diverse latitudes, that they place to the consumers in the plane of the globalised culture, and that is consumed in company of unknown manifolds that, like one, accede very by the screen great to contents elaborated far from their armchair, having conformed a scene that or can be equal in Switzerland that in Australia or Colima. In this case, the supply in Mexicali is very reduced: in one week of projection - like the one from the 12 to the 17 of November of 2004-, in the 35 cinematographic rooms of the city a total of 15 films could be found, of which 12 were Hollywood, and of the three rest, a French era, another Canadian, and another Spanish, and so the elections of the consumer have very narrow margins.
On synthroid prescription other hand, a second type of consumption is had, that can be called national : the one of the televising supply, where although it counts on another great national chain - Aztec Television and some buy synthroid without a prescription repeaters, the Televisa company maintains the predominance in our country, and that in the prescription drug synthroid of the popular sectors of Mexicali does not have significant competition. The contents, elaborated in Mexico (although sometimes like copy of foreign productions), favor the sensation of synthroid prescription to a group with which we shared language, territory and referring common, in not buy synthroid without a prescription occasions reinforced or created by the same company. buy synthroid without a prescription consumption is the one of the television that is buy synthroid without a prescription within the home, in a scope of greater privacy, where our companions - it has when them are known very near. In this plane, the similarities between Mexicali, Sight on and the Federal District appears like obvious. Two channels buy synthroid without a prescription the panorama in all the groups of age of the survey sectors: first, with totally national contents (channel 2); the other (channel 5), with synthroid prescription foreign series at the same time as some national programs, establishes a bridge with the global thing, consumed the Mexican .
Thirdly synthroid prescription would have a consumption that appears like the synthroid prescription characterized mainly by prescription drug synthroid radio, since although the stations comprise synthroid prescription great chains, the own characteristics of means allow the consumer to imagine a relation of familiarity with the speakers - that are generally inhabitants of the city or the region, through the commentaries on local situations: so long what is the row in the sentry box, the greetings to the schools or the inhabitants of certain colonies, the calls of radio monitorings, we see ourselves synthroid prescription in such restaurant , the promotions of gifts to that go to the cabin, etc. Unlike the television, the radius prescription drug synthroid accompany to us outside the home, in the office, the car, in the truck, and so it journeys of the individual benefit to the shared one. We observe in this heading, that the consumption preferences are diversified according to the age of the consumers.
However, buy synthroid without a prescription local aspect of the wireless supply buy synthroid without a prescription hardly buy synthroid without a prescription which the station we can locate it in a specific street of the city synthroid prescription to the synthroid prescription it we can find in a restaurant or a bar, since the musical contents buy synthroid without a prescription with the television a strong national component in the interest of the disqueras to promote to certain singers and groups. For synthroid prescription reason recorded music, like product associated to the radio, shows similar characteristics as far as the preferences of the studied consumers, and most recent song of Shakira or Ramon Ayala that is listened to in Mexicali is the same that in the rest of the country.
Finally, the average forms establish prescription drug synthroid modality of consumption predominantly individual, and therefore highly subjective. For this reason, if above the radio appears like a transition between the prescription drug synthroid and the premises, here the newspaper consumption establishes a third bridge: between the premises and the individual thing. buy synthroid without a prescription Voice of the Border, to whose buy synthroid without a prescription locates it catchphrase like the voice of cachanillas , explodes more than forty years of existence of the newspaper and his raigambre in the region, in contrast to the Chronicle of Baja California, that arrived at Mexicali taking to hills the name from a national newspaper: New buy synthroid without a prescription of Baja California. In both cases the buy synthroid without a prescription belong to national organizations, but the regional news predominate and local, that it is an inherent characteristic to his nature, reason why the unique data that would distinguish to the buy synthroid without a prescription consumption in our city with respect to others, also becomes a similarity: in each city there is a local newspaper that gives account of occurring.
On the other hand, and exception done of the works that by obligation must read (the students), in the case of reading of books and magazines the preferences multiply, although clarified by the relation between the television and its derived publishing companies. Again in this case, the popular sectors of Mexicali keep similarities with the inhabitants from the city of Mexico thanks to their liking to the magazine TV and Novels.
We see then, that in the consumption prescription drug synthroid originating prescription drug synthroid goods of massive means of communication the border condition of the city of Mexicali, B.C does not establish a particular distinction necessarily, but on the contrary, it approaches more the center of the country. In this case, the massive thing makes honor to its name.
However, it is necessary to emphasize that besides buy synthroid without a prescription own agreements of the means and the supply, that arise from the conditions of production and circulation (Alsina, 1995), the consumption of cultural goods carries out in conditions differentials, not only due to the age group in that his locate the consumers, but also based on its socioeconomic level. Even buy synthroid without a prescription in this document the data regarding the characteristics of the consumption are not detailed according to marginality profile, the results show differences that allow to affirm the importance of the buy synthroid without a prescription of the consumer in the social structure, that already was demonstrated widely by Pierre Bourdieu (1984).
To it is possible buy synthroid without a prescription add that the buy synthroid without a prescription outside leaves aspects of the consumption that they have to do with the conditions of reception and with the processes of decoding-recodificación that are carried out, reason why we were united to those who the descriptive works propose that like which here review, is buy synthroid without a prescription by qualitative studies that do possible to buy synthroid without a prescription one more a clearer and less fragmentary image of the involved sociocultural processes in the consumption.
Meanwhile, it is possible to hope that buy synthroid without a prescription numbers, these data, contribute in buy synthroid without a prescription to those who is interested in the study of the local and regional reality of the North border of Mexico.
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Mtra. Light Maria Grouse Villa Professor of complete time of the Faculty of Human Sciences of the Independent University of Baja California, Mexico. |