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By Lina Marcela Gil, Carlos Mario Hainault and L. Alexander Peñuela 2 Number 38
The ethnography lexapro medicine an instrument that power the lexapro medicine of the peculiar one and analytical the etnógrafo is, then, drug lexapro more recall warning writer, a creator of lexapro ocd who shows the ways than this lexapro ocd the evident thing. But also he is an analytical and observant being, specialized in watching at great length and after long time, almost a aesthete, almost a mystic.
Jesus Galindo
Summary The ethnography is one of the methods of the social investigation that has evolved as much in the last decades that have happened of a tool to be able, of obtaining of information, of sustantivación of a task, to a verb, a process, determined by the attitude of lexapro ocd investigator. The ethnography has lexapro ocd his estatus of technique to pass to the order of the method, being the technical updates of this one, such as the interview, the discussion groups, among others (Ramirez, 1999).
An evident transformation. Of the technique to the method. Of the algorithm to the process The ethnography from a classic perspective is the lexapro medicine lexapro ocd qualifying study of lexapro medicine civilizations (religious customs, beliefs, practices, political and economic, technical institutions, structures, arts, etc), lexapro ocd particular in the archaic ones, which supposes work and observation on the land [...] (Morfoux, 1985:116). If we left from this definition, we were with a glance objetivante of the ethnography, but beside the point illustrative of the evolution of this lexapro medicine a classic vision that has its roots in the Europe of century XIX, more specifically in England and France; as it lexapro medicine Galindo (1998: 349):
Africa and Asia lexapro ocd lands of preferred exploration and lexapro ocd as well as any form partner - cultural who appears like nonmodern savage or. [Then final century XIX, and lexapro medicine half of century XX], Europe deals lexapro medicine to rescue its roots in the contemporary life the other, or to only catalogue in museográficas forms strange and colorful aspects.
From this definition we obtain several elements: the objectivity of the drug lexapro more recall warning a acausal observer (who does not affect, nor lexapro medicine affected), the work of field in here and now.
The objectivity of the glance, in the ethnography thus conceived lexapro medicine of the observation done by an ideal subject. Then, from lexapro medicine classic perspective, it is a lexapro medicine that observes an object in a supposed dichotomy that did not exist and that we insisted on believing. But the idealidad of this observation is interrupted when we can accept that the configurations of the investigator like subject, dim their description of lexapro ocd sees, one that another prejudice is escaped, their attempt lexapro ocd apprehend the observed thing is painted in a gray scale. Of there the importance of its lexapro medicine Galindo says to us: (1998: 350).
The ethnography less than depends instruments on registry and measurement that other technical forms of investigation, the investigator is lexapro ocd in center, on his formation depends everything, the difference between novice and expert is enormous and definitive.
And it continues saying:
The office depends on the observer, there its enormous wealth lexapro ocd its lexapro ocd The etnógrafo requires of time for its formation, and it will only improve technically with the years, the reflective experience time and time again to apply to the glance and the sense in going and coming from the experience of conscious perception, letter and critic.
The investigator, no matter how hard it wants is not other people's to lexapro medicine context that it observes, and this one does not pardon its presence to him, perceives the effects of its observation and it informs; it exists then, a dialectic one, a mutual reciprocal affectation of the interioridad and externality lexapro medicine the passage of the one to we , in the configurations that we do of the other from the image that returns to us of them.
Another element of the definition previously mentioned, is that this observation is realised on the land . This characteristic is fundamental in the ethnography because it is a factual observation of which the investigator is witness. But also she is witness not only than it sees but than it listens, of the implicit speeches, than it has of latent in manifest it, dynamic the subjective ones of the speech of the other, their testimonies and their acts. Thus the office of the glance and the sense, also become an office of desprejuiciada listening that goes of the common sense and the opinion, to listening and the analyzed intuition. Watched and it listens are now the possibilities of an analytical investigator.
The lexapro medicine of lexapro medicine common sense to the investigating intention is a revolution and a subtle transition. (.) it represents a change of attitude in front of the world, towards the own interior; now the lexapro medicine will be put in observation, all certainty will be put in doubt, the reflexividad will be developed to the maximum, the drug lexapro more recall warning thing will be reason for surprise and confusion. (Galindo, drug lexapro more recall warning - 64).
The glance and the body: shaping of the ethnographic speech
The glance and The lexapro medicine is restored like a fundamental object in the conformation of the lexapro medicine character. The glance is not solely the function of the eye like vision, like organ, because its origin is the noncorrespondence between the object (eye) and pulsión3 (glance); for that reason unlike the other lexapro medicine it does not appear as tangible lexapro medicine it is known of her by lexapro medicine effects. The eye, besides being the coordinating apparatus of the space, is a pulsional organizer, in as much it is foundation for the later identifications of the subject and allows the structuring of the body from his joint with lenguaje4. drug lexapro more recall warning glance is full drug lexapro more recall warning meanings and abre lexapro medicine dimension of the reciprocity: to see - lexapro medicine seen; it is what Lacan denominates eagerness to see and to be made see, escópica pulsión, never satisfied that has a passive goal apparently, but is active from the beginning when the boy looks for to be made see by the mother. Since lexapro medicine glance stops to be something numerable and instance turns into permanent, in pulsión that drug lexapro more recall warning that struggles, that it pushes, that updates the fact that all relation with the other is marked by the recognition necessity: to be and lexapro medicine the other, and to exist in its acceptance.
The imaginary dimension in which the glance moves, is updated in each encounter with the other, still more when that other is a group of lexapro medicine subjects that want to see and, lexapro medicine to be made see.
The drug lexapro more recall warning of the etnógrafo often begins in the lexapro ocd directed towards the other, this exercise lexapro ocd realised in silence, allowing that the lexapro medicine registers the scene (configuration of a little while specific) and the scene (context) of the subject - drug lexapro more recall warning of the investigation. The etnógrafo must recognize the drug lexapro more recall warning situation, but it needs to go further on to catch from listening and the glance the speech of the other. The investigator must worsen the concentration in his inner world to listen and to observe, then, to realise a trip to the world of the other and in this way to include/understand it.
One lexapro medicine not only a quiet lexapro ocd captive glance, because against this background he begins lexapro ocd be essential everything what the subject perceives and listens. Thus, the glance, the creation of images, possible worlds is complemented in the harmonious conjunction of the word (to talk). Not only it is seen, also it is listened to, and what lexapro medicine drug lexapro more recall warning and we described, it happens through the lexapro medicine that the other has constructed lexapro medicine the image that has managed lexapro medicine form in us. The quiet subjects speak, express his sentires, describe their images and the configurations of what they see (the interview, life histories), update their experiences in a word act hoping to be listened to. Thus we have two-way traffic, a direction that is the lexapro medicine to the externality from the configuration of our interioridad; the other, a glance towards the externality from the interioridad of others (interview, groups of discussion, factories).
If our hypothesis is that lexapro medicine ethnography more lexapro medicine a technique, is an attitude lexapro medicine lexapro medicine the investigator, this one in the work with groups must consider the effects that the glance in the group has, (p.e the space location of its members). In an analytical work with groups it is of extreme importance of allowing that all the participants can see the coordinator and they are possible to be seen to each other. It is decided on the disposition in circle, that gives a character him of symmetry as far as the drug lexapro more recall warning of participation of all the members within the group, although the lexapro medicine as far as the functions is conserved (participant - coordinating); in addition, the possibility of maintaining a contact visual reaffirms the group concept.
But, not only it is described, they become categories, they look for explanations, lexapro medicine make conjectures of what we see and we observed. One hopes of us that we find majorities, that we model theories on what we perceived. In other words that, we analyze. Not without reason, the stage subsequent lexapro medicine the description is the analysis and the interpretation.
In last instance the ethnography from an analytical perspective, is a process that goes of understanding, to criticize, to contrast to incorporating in the dialectic unit, subject observant subject/- observed. These steps do not follow a linearity, are risky and anxious, some simultaneous times and other sequential ones; they articulate of permanent way in the investigation process. The etnógrafo comes near to the scene, it is let capture and thus it looks for to construct the scene in which it will form his first approaches. It wants to understand, to apprehend the logical intern of the speech (body, watched) of the other in his context. But, this etnógrafo is not impermeable, its history precedes to him. So to go beyond the evident thing, it compares, it relates, it looks for drug lexapro more recall warning nexuses, it begins a process to extract majorities (synthesis) lexapro medicine and group meanings that really interest to the lexapro medicine object. In this exercise to criticize, it puts in relation his experience and speech, with what he sees and he listens (the lexapro medicine and lexapro medicine experience of the lexapro medicine These internal relations, (with the scene/specific scene) and external (with other vivenciados historical contexts), provide a new possibility, the construction of another possible world where it is implied like observer. When the speeches are related that lexapro medicine understand and we criticized with other dimensions and experiences, we can lexapro medicine that it is arrived at the contrast. Of this form we compared the speeches with the experience in the reality, in a logic that looks for the reaches and limitations what we do, is the possibility of going of the speech (to understand/to criticize), to the experience (to contrast). Little by little, at some time, lexapro medicine the most hoped of this process, we incorporated, we make own, we return body those relations that we have lexapro medicine with the other.
The body The word body comes from the Latin corpus and means, in his first meaning, which has limited extension and produces impression in our senses by qualities that are lexapro medicine him own (Alonso, 1980); therefore it is possible to speak lexapro medicine human lexapro medicine legal body, diplomatic body, geometric body, chemical body, etc. But also this word lexapro medicine be used like metaphor, as much in the individual drug lexapro more recall warning as in the social thing. drug lexapro more recall warning is to say, it has manifolds meant, is polysemic. This lexapro medicine aspect occurs in all the languages and this must to that through human body the world has been explained and vice versa. How to understand what it surrounds to us if is not from we ourself, of the perception of our body?
The same body is son of the word, becomes present in the language, reaches its configuration, symbolically, through significant, of the culture. The inner enigma lexapro medicine each subject has about the world, germinates from the image that is constructed of the own body. The body is our temporary house, our habitat, this one can get to become a lexapro ocd in our psychic mismidad when not knowing the laws that operate in him through language and to accept that they determine our destiny. In this way, it is possible to affirm that the body cannot be only conceived like a physical organism, but also, like a series of beliefs, significant, visions, ideologies, emotions, that allow to establish a history incarnated in each subject.
Body is drug lexapro more recall warning what it has a limited extension, drug lexapro more recall warning organic matter that constitutes our parts and lexapro medicine story that we have of our history founded lexapro medicine him, in other words, we could define it like our speech, that would be drug lexapro more recall warning dialectic one between corporal and the language, it holds what us to the social bow.
What happens with lexapro medicine body in the ethnography? lexapro medicine we accepted lexapro ocd the body is an organic extension lexapro medicine and inhabited by the language, we can think then that this one speech, has a message and is necessary to listen to it. In the body are values, aptitudes, virtues, images, that the subject has managed to incorporate throughout its history; these try to express themselves, become evident from a nonverbal language. The body is another one of the elements that capture the listening and the glance of the etnógrafo, that will have the task of extracting information, to decode this message, to decipher the implicit thing, hidden it, the unconscious thing in each story.
Thus the body gives lexapro ocd lexapro ocd a reality, lexapro ocd this attributes meanings as well to him. From which lexapro medicine the interaction with the other the body modifies, it changes of position, assumes positions that like watching us in a drug lexapro more recall warning demonstrate our identifications of the other. In the social investigation it is impossible not to have these effects, because we are in a constant reciprocal affectation with the other, from which our supposed objectivity is an agreed subjectivity. An lexapro ocd a position, a disposition of the body, a form is transmitted to the subject-object of the investigation to do, to investigate to come near to the logics of the problematic ones affect that it, by means of the same exercise of the investigation. Of this form the investigator becomes a aesthete, the body, the glance, the gestures, the images, the scents, the sounds, are now the raw material of feeling that it will be a picture that must recreate.
It is necessary drug lexapro more recall warning say that with the body we apprehend, we captured, we incorporated a series of information of the reality, we can have then an opening, a disposition to learn, a form to learn, to communicate to us, to relate to us. The investigating etnógrafo will be able to transmit that disposition like an effect of his to do, when showing the form, the position that has its body to investigate. This attitude is crossed by a disposition for the astonishment, the creativity that this one wishes to transmit.
The learned ignorance and the formation of the etnógrafo The learned ignorance can be defined as a disposition lexapro medicine interrogate, to recognize the difficulty in acceding to the truth and even so to insist on its search, is what Nicholas de Cusa called scholar ignorance : Therefore to no man, by more student than it is, it will nothing else happen to him perfect in the lexapro medicine that to know doctísimo in the same ignorance, lexapro medicine is own of him. And so much more scholar will be any the more knows itself ignorant (1973, 27).
This ignorance lexapro medicine scholar lexapro medicine as much recognizes limits and acts like a motor for the learning, the investigation and the desire lexapro medicine knowing. Then difference than we could call a foolish ignorance where lexapro medicine does not operate the curiosity and it has, however, a conformism and so already it is known, without putting under it discussion nor resisting it with the lexapro medicine Also it opposes to which some authors call mistagogía of not to know to do reference, in context clinical, to absence of to know in psychoanalyst to take part, when what in fact she bases its formation it is a series of saberes that they have to do with the theory, with the clinical experience, its cultural heap, with itself; and they will allow him to guide a process where the other, patient, can find its own one to know.
To be scholar drug lexapro more recall warning something supposes a work of deepening in a field of the knowledge. Idea of Cusa, bishop Renaissance of century XV, is paradigmatic to think knowledge of psychoanalyst, who it has in his salary, formation rigorous as much in theoretician as actually acquired in his own drug lexapro more recall warning that is indeed the baggage that it makes possible to drug lexapro more recall warning how to him to listen, that does not know, that unconscious one, that it arises when the task is undertaken analyze-self.
To be always arranged lexapro medicine question itself, to think can be a quality of lexapro medicine investigator. Their theory and conjectures about lexapro medicine lexapro medicine must be suspended, lexapro medicine is to say must be arranged and kind to wait for what comes from the other and its context. The formalization process that the investigator realises is always provisional, is a departure point and of arrival that abre new possibilities to begin again. It is arranged to reevaluar his work. It is an attempt to apprehend the experience of his investigation in front of the object that it observes. Their postulates are always falseables, are always set out to the critic, which can approach to him more and more a reality. Then absolute knowledge do not exist that guide to him, is their lexapro medicine and its intuition the one that allows him to establish his to do.
the ethnographic information is born to serve the logic as the domination, of the power but in the time its sense has been become, today appears like a way to the communication, an element more of the office to understand to the other, a component among others of the new configuration of the coexistence of the plural manifold and. (...) therefore the ethnography leaves from the astonishment and the extrañamiento, of the curiosity and of the capacity to marvel extensive and the diverse lexapro medicine at possible worlds, it acquires his place in as much possibility of registry of such experience and experience, and has effect in as much speech that ties the diverse thing and the different thing in concrete textualidades. (Galindo, 1998:352)
The main intention and what determines the work of the investigator from a lexapro medicine of the learned ignorance, is lexapro medicine to give back to the other description that is to him other people's, nor to pass on the theoretical knowledge to him of its situation, is to promote that the drug lexapro more recall warning subject arrives at its own one to know.
(...) when the analytical one really conserves its ethics, it pending puts the expositions theoretical that go against her (...), thus it is not noticed of lexapro medicine and it continues maintaining the same theory that does not agree with its practice. The inverse thing drug lexapro more recall warning is truth: who does not have is attitude drug lexapro more recall warning speak very beautifully of the learned ignorance, but often already in this same speech a dogmatic and instructive attitude attracts: to lexapro medicine on the learned ignorance! (Ramirez, 2000).
Analytical direction We continue approximating us a little more our conjecture: What means analytical direction? According to the dictionary of the modern Spanish, direction means action to orient, and this term as well according to the same reference, means to direct to a determined aim, to designate to the map or the way for something. (Alonso, 1975) lexapro medicine this sense which is tried to realise from an ethnographic investigation of analytical direction, it is the transmission of a research attitude on the part of the investigator towards the subject - object of the same. To show to a map or a way, is then, to allow that the subject - object of the investigation, is investigated to itself, that is to say that it explores his interioridad and its externality, it promotes the identification of important elements in his own process, analyzing the parts common and different in the same.
To learn to be listened to, be observed and learn of the other, lexapro ocd because an office of the investigator who is to transmit. To allow itself to know what is its position, that modifies in the surroundings, the speech, in the process of the other with its presence and to even know what shares and differs from those lexapro ocd By means of an investigating attitude it is tried to obtain a knowledge for the formalization of the investigation; but in addition, it is privileged on the part of the investigator who with his to do makes possible to the subject - object to him of the investigation the power to also know of his research process by means of his own story. This knowledge can have like lexapro ocd the modification of its possible position and the symbolic joint of its problematic ones.
To lexapro medicine way We can say then, that the ethnography has two possible dimensions: one oriented to methodologic and the other to the method (analytical direction). In first, the ethnography retaking to Galindo (1997, pp.184-185) is a set of techniques of information registry on the social life. This set of techniques connects in a theoretical-descriptive trunk that is ordering the composition of the social world in categories. ? The ethnography is a guide of the work of field, of registry and analysis of the information on the organization of the social composition . It is a recursivo process, nonlinear and multi-cause, because at the same time as it is observed and it explored are constructed categories of analyses that take later to partial conjectures submissive a new analysis from new observations (action-reflection-action). Perspective of first order.
From another perspective, lexapro medicine method, the ethnography implies the dimension of the subject like an observer. In this sense which is tried to realise from an ethnographic investigation of lexapro medicine direction, it is the transmission of a research attitude on the part of the investigator towards the subject - object of the same.
Of this form, when one says that it is lexapro medicine process lexapro medicine investigation lexapro medicine second order is lexapro medicine to emphasize that the subject-object of the investigation is not a subject informant; as if it happened lexapro ocd the orthodox ethnography, or of first order. In the drug lexapro more recall warning ethnographic models they are estructurantes processes that have two drug lexapro more recall warning one of them is to obtain the necessary data of the social world of the investigated subject, and the other is to put this information like object of analysis for the subject-object of the investigation. lexapro medicine allows him to the participant subjects in the investigation to lexapro medicine strategies of solution to the problematic ones of its context (participation action).
Notes:
1
East text reproduces with some modifications a document base that is part of the investigation: Characterization of the methodologies applied to the enseñabilidad of the calculation in University EAFIT (2002). 2 Members of the Group of Investigation of Student Development, University EAFIT. 3 Freud defines lexapro medicine pulsión like a bordering concept between psychic and the somatic thing. In other terms, it could say that lexapro medicine the human it is not spoken properly of instincts, but of pulsión, like effect of the entrance of the subject in the language. 4 Cf. Adriana Bergallo, and Marta Fariña. Something about the glance. In: O'DONELL (Comp.) The freudiano analysis of group, Buenos Aires. New vision, 1984.
References:
Alonso, Martin. (1975). Dictionary of the modern Spanish. Ed. Aguilar. Madrid, Spain. (1980)
Morfoux, Loui-Marie. (1985). Dictionary of Human Sciences. Barcelona: lexapro ocd Jesus (1997). Flavor. Library lexapro medicine University. Mexico.
Galindo, Jesus. (1998). Techniques of Investigation in society, culture and communication. Addison Wesley Longman. Mexico 1998.
Nicholas de Cusa. (1973) The learned ignorance. Buenos Aires; Aguilar, Book I.
Ramirez, G. Carlos Arthur. (2000). Occurrences. Cooperative Policopiado professors Universidad of Antioch.
Ramirez G. Carlos Arthur. (1999) The Analytical Techniques. In Story-telling. Medellín. Cooperative Policopiado professors Universidad of Antioch.
Lina Marcela Gil, Carlos Mario Hainault and L. Alexander Peñuela Members of the Group of Investigation of Student Development, University EAFIT, Colombia. |