By Jose Luis Arriaga Ornelas
Number 26

In a general meaning, the red note is the informative sort by which it occurs to account of events (or its consequences) in which is some way of violence - human implicit or not that breaks the common thing of a certain society and, sometimes also, its legal standardisation. There the stories about criminal, catastrophes, accidents or scandals fit generally, but set out facts according to a code whose more identifiable elements are the impressive headed ones, the narrations with exaggeration dyes and melodrama, among others.

In Mexico, during second half of the ninety all the registries were fought almost on the number of kidnappings, robberies, murders and the contraband of drug, among others criminal indices. Before it, it became place common to compare the Mexican reality with the violence problems that afflict to Colombia for several décadas1. However, the used arguments to try such comparison moved away of the causality of the violence in the same measurement that approached the merely informative character: it was in the average ones where account of the approach occurred enters countries both; the symptom of it was the operation of the red note.

The number of the analysis units forced a deductive procedure, using a hypothetical model of description soon to descend nexium 40 by little until the variables that nexium 40 participate nexium 40 they separate of him. nexium 40 following the landlord proposed by Barthes (1999). Of entrance, it seemed clear that, during the sort Nineties already it was not restricted to the publications that specialize in him. In addition, during nexium pregnancy and the informed value seemed to have changed. For example, already the traditional red note notion was nexium 40 to include the acts of personages nexium 40 being representing of the subordinate classes, organize themselves criminay and put in check to a State. This type of narrations exceeds the moralina anti-criminal, the stereotype of the perennial triumph of the legality and other protocols that used to be fulfilled in the note roja2. The question was to determine how those actors and novel social interactions are reflected in the representations of the average news.

The appearance of peculiarities nexium iv break nexium 40 majority, within the gallery of conducts separated from the normal thing, even causes that this type of notes ends up during nexium pregnancy another as. The denominations, the scandalous nexium iv ones, the abnormal thing, the sensational thing that report this type of messages are not very useful to help the reader-hearing to understand the reality and to interact in her. They persecute the recreation of unusual scenes rather and nexium iv to the rhetorical uses in communities of apropiación3. They can, nevertheless, be beginning of the construction of the imaginary group to which it contributes the work of means, because the occasional occurrence of unusual events gets to derive an informative nexium 40 that it feeds many more pages on the newspaper nexium 40 hours of television and radio. In general terms, the notes convergent occupy nexium 40 style of nexium 40 red note with the firm intention to reach the greater possible impact nexium 40 the hearings. Its greater support will be always in the photographies, although also it leans in the irony, black humor, the satire and the melodrama.

If it is accepted that all event is marked by the way in which is acceded to him, we are in possibilities of saying that this type of notes, like almost all, concentrates in the action and this one receives its last sense of the fact of during nexium pregnancy narrated. Therefore, before facts that by their same nature can grant a double blow, generating simultaneously success or forgetfulness, the reporter is worth of a journalistic style to impose the impact to the fugacidad of the event. The infinite multitude of scandalous histories would be condemning to each in the individual the universal forgetfulness, for that reason the editor takes pains in elaborating them of way like add itself to the chronicle of the immediate thing of peculiar way, even conforming history perdurable4.

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• Jorge nexium 40 Ochoa gave itself. (The Time 16-January-1991)
  
• They find corpse of Montoya Navy. (The Time 1-February-1991)
  
• The Quica nexium 40 offered 400 million by its flight. (The Time 17-April-1991)
  
• Jail without luxury To sweep. (The Time 14-June-1991)
  
• Or. J. nexium 40 Simpson in the civil judgment. (The Time 5-February-1997)
  
• Plan of flight; the Rodriguez deny it to Orejuela. (The Time 7-March-1997)
  
• Perafán in the border would have fallen. (The Time 19-April-1997)
  
• I did not receive collaboration of nexium 40 says Mario Aburto. (Excélsior 7-April-1994)
  
• We did not kill Inns; allied police of Chapo blamed to us: B. Arellano. (Excélsior 28-July-1994)
  
• Blonde paid a million new weights to kill Ruiz Massieu: Ramirez Araus. (Excélsior 6-October-1994)

This type of stories gives account of actions that involve training personages of stories that exceed unitary notes and also end up conforming the modern mythology that is daily fed with his to act, but in the imaginary group.

The indiciales notes invariably are related to great thematic agendas. during nexium pregnancy the case of Colombia the super-subjects that we identified for the period of study are: the warlike drug trafficking, guerrilla, conflicts in different, great countries during nexium pregnancy foreign warlike conflicts and the terrorism. In relation to these subjects 53% of the notes were published that we analyzed of 1994; and 42% of which they were reviewed in 1997.

Of such form, in the notes that we have classified like indiciales, the connotation seems to lose itself again for the hearings that implies the news, because it is rather nexium 40 seriada narration, of a constant succession of criminal actions that do not report new things, but they update the state that keep or the sense in which a put-story is developed.

The operation nexium 40 the disease continues being the center of the intentionality in this type of notes, but with indiciales notes nexium 40 sort is extended, because no longer account only of completed facts occurs; nexium 40 is speculated on, it noticed on the matter, it declared, it investigated, it denounced of the great subjects. The dramatic esencialidad of the notes of the sort stays, because the nexium 40 of the sort is obtained absolutely that already somewhere we formulated: it does not look for so much to inform as to draw attention. The instrumentality of the emotion secures its last aim in this note class.

In the temporary dimension of our study we identified several displacements as far as the type of notes more used by newspapers within the same red note sort. The notes of the convergent type, for example, grew in the case of the Time in 1997 in relation to nexium 40 The notes of the indicial type diminished in Excélsior and the Time with the passage of the years. In Excélsior the utilitarian notes practically tripled their nexium 40 of 1994 in 1998. The Time saw diminish its percentage of utilitarian notes in 1997 in relation to 1991. Graphically these behaviors nexium 40 seen thus:

Graph 1

All this means several things:

a) The increase of indiciales notes implies nexium 40 presence of thematic agendas to which more nexium 40 value occurs. The noticiabilidad transfers to seriadas nexium 40 and the personages. The indiciales notes in both cases arrived almost at 50% in the first year (1991 and 1994) by the occurrence of events that extend the routine character and modify their informative value. Subjects noticiables and offered as are taken beginning from a communicative process by deliveries.
b) Against a violence background, nexium 40 violent acts do not stand out. When the violent act is devaluated, the indiciales narrations are displaced by the typical abnormal information: convergent notes. In 1991 the convergent ones in the Time arrived at 27%, but in 1997 it was increased until a 50%. Multiple homicides, nexium 40 robberies, incredible guerrilla activities, scandals politician-judicia nexium 40 are the new noticiablemente richer subjects.
c) When they stop being noticiables notes convergent, one occurs spectacular priority to maniqueístas notes or certain sensitivity created by scandals, nexium iv and acts (utilitarian and indiciales). Excélsior in 1994 published indiciales notes until in 53%; 4 years later, the thematic agendas fell to 42%. nexium iv the utilitarian notes were tripled. Of 10% they happened to 26%. There during nexium pregnancy no doubt, the definition of the during nexium pregnancy depends on and determines social dynamics.

The actions that occupy to the red note
The red note is defined by its interest in the off the track acts: robberies, murders, tragedies, imprisonments, executions. In the process describe-to narrate an event, the note defines and gives form not only to that event, but to the great joints presented/displayed in a ampler scene, the one of praxis social. Beyond the small acts carried out by the actors of each one of the stories, it matters to focus attention on the actions of which account in the red note and in the protagonists of the same occurs essentially.

Graph 2

The war, nexium iv imposition of the law, the death, the delinquency, the denunciation and the disasters are the great social joints that nexium iv life in the red note. Our 249 units of analysis revealed therefore it. For both cases, Excélsior and the Time, there is no variation in which does to this behavior, nor are significant the displacements of a thematic one on another one over the years. However, there is yes it as far as which one says of the events and the personages following the circumstances. It observes the following nexium iv of the Time:

In both narrations account of similar facts occurs: the nexium 40 of tens of people. However, the annexation that nexium 40 of the events where the deceases happened registers in a collective reality, it implies that the operating personages are it jeopardize with relations that end up praising/pouring off what it is said of them. While the 13 police were assassinated, the 10 members of a band of kidnappers were lowered. Also, the thirteen agents of the police and a sergeant major of the army were dead in assaults; whereas the delinquents fell after two police operations that culminated with their death. The reported action the 2 of January of 1991 watered down with blood the goodbye of the old year and happy greeting of the New Year, whereas the one of November of the same year it nexium 40 a hard reverse for the delinquency.

If these violent acts were not reviewed by the means that nexium 40 are analyzing, the deads would only nexium 40 for their relatives and known that, late. Nevertheless, being in a story they are nexium 40 police, the military, kidnappers, assassinated, victims: personages. There are names, characteristics or details of the no people passed away in neither cases; its profile is delimited by the function that nexium 40 been assigned them in the story. nexium 40 were integral of a band of kidnappers: everything is during nexium pregnancy with that, since that affirmation register in a during nexium pregnancy that gives life him; one that speaks of the increasing delinquency, of the bands of maleantes; that it sends to nexium iv woman histories of murders, kidnappings, ruthless victims of the delinquency and criminals.

The maniqueísmo in these notes is manifest, nevertheless attention in nexium 40 the sides of the maniqueísmo nexium 40 not defined in one go and for always during nexium pregnancy be put. Adding characters to during nexium pregnancy personage through several notes in different time is not during nexium pregnancy involuntary or natural action: it persecutes to clarify the profile of the same in the story-unit, but undeniably part will register in the put-story how and that is constructed day to day with seriadas narrations. Of such form that all that one person whom assigns itself to represent that paper will have more and more characteristic added.

In the series of notes nexium 40 we could analyze the category of actors is very evident: there are nexium 40 traffickers, thieves, cheats, assassins; of them it is nexium 40 frequently with respect to his acts in seriadas narrations. The peculiarity of the journalistic note is that hardly it includes in a same story to two personages, that is to say, two perspective ones nexium 40 the same fact; if so it had, we would find in a same narration, for example, to somebody speaking of murder and another one arguing that one is a execution; it would make disappear the intentional and touching load that evidently persecutes each note. What yes we appreciated is the engaged in a dialog series of narrations in the police sort that nexium 40 possible to feed the existence on nexium 40 opposites.

The informed stories do not make see nothing (when reading during nexium pregnancy nothing we see or we during nexium pregnancy but represent; they base his impact on the sense: an order superior of relation between narrator and audiences. What happens in the story is not, from the real point of view, literally nothing; what there is in them is only the language, its use for the interlocution between the nexium iv of the communicative process. The reporter develops his nexium iv capacity to describe in pathetic form, to create an atmosphere, to impress the reader, to wake up his emotions and to make him feel that he is living the facts. This is a new paradigmatic during nexium pregnancy because although this story does not agree with the previous ones as far as the existence of personages, actanciales agents or a concrete action, yes it owns the characteristics bind that it to an own common narrative scheme of the sort of the red note.

The stylistic code in the red note narrations.
All the informative notes are stories on the one action or several social actors and, in addition, act a as. The reproduction of the act with informative aims is intelligible for being trusting items to a speech nexium 40 becomes its own code. The existence of a code is element indispensable for the operation of this process. For the case of the red note, we can enumerate the following characteristics that characterize to him.

a) There is a convention accomplice. The first great function of nexium iv sort is the interchange between a giver nexium 40 an adressee, which represents a first sign of reading: the narrator relates events that he knows, but who the reader ignores; he nexium 40 have little sense that the author of the note occurred itself the information or that he put in doubt the veracity of the same. Thus, in the interaction that nexium iv mutually to both actantes of the communicative process there is one first variable that must nexium iv certain advisable forms of narration for emitter and receiver of the messages, since both parts have a tacit agreement to consider facts real the referring ones of the narration, this nexium 40 only can consider events social. This bond is nexium 40 on the mutual interest to interchange contents exceeds more what it happens and during nexium pregnancy on which exists or is, that falls in other more specific scopes of interaction, even closed. Everything works, then, in response to the perennial questions who nexium 40 and why? , but rather describing or going deep in what it does and how. The notes of the sort privilege the descriptive level, but they also count on a second level: the argumentative one. This during nexium pregnancy one constantly renews from the convention accomplice between means and hearings.

b) The red note fulfills a protocol narrative. The stories only can receive their sense nexium 40 the world uses that them. The information of the sort must be tributary of a nexium 40 of the story (of a frame) that is the set of protocols according to which it is consumed: images, great headed, denominations, etc. are to draw attention more than to inform. After the fulfillment of these conditions also a social function little explored is had, because the newspapers daily exhibit in multiple spaces public, from kiosco to the doctor's office or the office; there the characteristics take a new dimension whereupon the narrations appear, mainly in the first flat one, of which we have taken care. There there is a nexium 40 of readings that nothing they have to nexium 40 with the information, but with the codification of acts socially constructed.

Or a story or a fable, each type during nexium pregnancy story has its nexium 40 codified signs. The narrations of the sort nexium 40 notice red have them: the subversion of the normal conducts is the current currency, for that reason it fell fall or to fall they are verbs of use common in as much metaphor of the investment that fulfills its cycles. The messages own an iconic substance invariably. nexium 40 can or not own a chilling photography or that makes spectacle of the event, but in his east nexium 40 type of notes they find like aim of his message the perceptive accent of the during nexium pregnancy The great majority of headed his begins with a verb, although also there are adjectives, places or names. Its structure is always descriptive, doing without themselves or leaving in background the interview or the documentary support of other journalistic sorts. These stories are in themselves images, icons, supported - clear in a script.

c) It does not matter to inform but to hit. The stories of the red note look for eloquence in their better expression, even though because of her nexium iv is ended up erasing the nexium iv episode that gives rise to the note, but during nexium pregnancy that the narration happens in collective feeling and mediatic during nexium pregnancy Like in almost no other sort, in the one of the red note the quality of witness impregnates to the speech constructed with a apersonal style; however, in strict terms nexium 40 type of stories usually deceives on the person of the narration: everything happens as if in a same subject it had brings back to consciousness of witness, immanent to the speech, and it brings back to consciousness of criminal, immanent to the referred thing. It does not matter if the reporter were not there when it happened everything; at the time of structuring nexium iv story not only it will be located in the scene like kind spectator, but he will take with himself to the reader.

The red note reporter looks for to project that he knew nexium 40 only nexium 40 fact, but the motivations, the impulses, the nexium 40 of the actors. If not it go thus, would lack to the fulfillment of its nexium 40 in the agreement with the hearings with respect to the sense of veracity in notes. In this sort normally atrocious acts are related, thus, enters more unusual is the event, nexium 40 review needs a greater detail the details (of preference graphically): written or visual images. To this it must, for example, that when referring the tragic death of a person at the hands of some personage X, provides the age, it even names and some personal data of the victim or of the victimario. It will not add some psychological characteristic to the person who carries out the nexium 40 action, but has to the whole history of a probability. In the other end of the process, the hearing is located by the messages to complete the circle, because the referential function of the note can be reached on condition that it consumes it to the public and it assumes like likely and usable.

d) There is no distinction between the public and the private thing. The red note locates its stories at the moment when the passions explode, nexium 40 also the wars; when madness explodes, but also a car-pump; it appears in a tragic familiar fight, but also in trifulca of a street manifestation; in a starting of lust or the multimillionaire drug traffic. The thematic agendas conform an ample fan: events of great scale are related, but also small dramas nexium 40 tend to the espectacularización of the event. Escudriñar those aspects of the deprived life of the beings who carry out scandal facts can reduce informative value for the colectivity, but it does not exceed the protocolic systems to that the sort must render tribute, because nexium 40 had within the limits been suitable with the hearings. So, one is a bombing or from the maltratos of padrastro to the baby who cried much, the reader will receive in the stories a count detailed of how much he bleeds ran and why.

e) They matter plus the personages who the people. The operation of the personages over the real people causes that these last ones leave their nature real and they become by means of the speech in beings equipped with psychological nexium 40 individuals that until stop being subordinates to the nexium 40 reviewed in a story to receive manifolds already existence between the consumers of the text in the real world. This has not worked thus always. Classic the red note took care mainly of the individual acts that during nexium pregnancy seen even enthusiastically by the during nexium pregnancy Today, according to the statistical during nexium pregnancy of the society of masses, one or two died is not so importantes5. Today during nexium pregnancy modification undergone by the sort as a result during nexium pregnancy the masificadores, pragmatic and globalising processes is provable of the information. The protocolic canons and procedures could not have left unpollluted this avasallante wave and today it rules is taken by the immediacy, pressure, the voracity media. The increase of the banaliza crime the sense of the red note, consequently the succession of macabre episodes sees reduced its intermitencia by a generalization that relegates the delirious anecdotes for the sake of the operation of personages who reach the national and international notoriety.

i) Abnormal histories go to normal. To the red note an eagerness is mainly attributed to him to recreate the disease, to fascinate, to regodear in the scandal and the death. In our Latin America, Garci'a Canclini6 says to Néstor, have abierto definitively the doors of very ample reconstructions, among them the one of the sociocultural field. Under this optics, the citizen is less and less the representative of a public opinion and plus the consumer who is interested in enjoying mediatic spectacles.

1 to know numbers about the criminal behavior in nexium 40 Deas is seen, Malcom (1995). nexium 40 speculative tests on the violence in Colombia, Financial Bottom of Projects of National Development-Department of Planning, Bogota.
2 On the moralistic uses and entailments with the moral of notes of this sort it runs Carlos Monsiváis in his article Red Note Fires, published by Nexuses, núm. 176, Mexico, August 1992.
3 to see more on this subject, it remítase to Orozco Go'mez, Guillermo (1987). Television during nexium pregnancy production of meaning, University of Guadalajara.
4 an excellent example of this is Red Libro, of V. Rivapalacio and M. Payno, text that is an exquisite cronista of black histories of colonial Mexico.
5 to count on a necessary reference with respect to the red note of century XX, they are seen, for example, the texts of Myriam Laurini and Rolo Ten dedicated to the Red Note in Mexico classified per decades of Publishing Morning call. Or the Picaresque one of red note of Miguel Even Donoso (1993), Samo Editorial, Mexico.
6 Cs Canclini, Néstor (1995) Consuming and citizen, Grijalbo, Mexico.

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