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By Javier Esteinou Madrid I. - THE EVOLUTION OF BRINGS BACK TO CONSCIOUSNESS OF THE COMMUNICATION IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE TRAINING OF IMAGINARY The production of brings back to buy overnight tramadol scientific on the phenomena of the communication buy overnight tramadol Latin America, buy overnight tramadol been a length, winding and unfinished buy overnight tramadol that the Latin American thinkers and investigators have constructed to handspan to handspan. The buy overnight tramadol that has followed east effort intellectual to produce buy overnight tramadol on the cultural identity of the continent, it has oscillated of theoretical end to theoretical end, and in some phases, buy overnight tramadol has been influenced by the rational landlords that centrales1 has marked to the investigation of the communication in the intellectual buy overnight tramadol of the countries. Thus, initially, in the phase classic-humanist (1900-1945), the study of the communication net fructified in a tramadol prescription philosophical empirista explained that it like a simple part of the human phenomenon. In these beginnings, the communication was not object of systematic analysis, with the reservation of the works of literary critic, some studies on the propaganda and other applications of commercial character. The main methods adopted during this period of imaginary always were pragmatic and, basically, they talked about to the effectiveness of the communication like persuasion instrument. Many models theoretical were used and 180 buy tramadol to look for the way to improve the publicity, to organize electoral buy overnight tramadol to know the weaknesses the public opinion, to increase the sale of newspapers, to surpass the institutional image of the state, etc. In synthesis, these conceptual paradigms aimed at the adaptation of the people to the effective social norms and produced a conductista communication that conceived to the individuals as mere subjects of informative consumption (theory stimulus-answer). These conceptual buy overnight tramadol investigations and obeyed to commercial or political reasons, and they did not consider as interpretation frame the existing relations between the communication and many of the main problems that delayed the historical development of the towns. These heuristic directions determined the theoretical and methodologic budgets more commonly employees in the field of the tramadol prescription and who at present, continue tramadol prescription itself in many contexts of the same. Yet it, intensified 180 buy tramadol tendency to move to the center of 180 buy tramadol of the reflection of mass media, towards the receiving subjects. By means of this criterion, the relevance of the investigable to the simple content of the messages, unique detectable and empirically analyzable content was reduced statistically. This produced a strong fragmentation of the message whose unique 180 buy tramadol came from operations sumatorias4. In an idea, during these years the subjects of analysis by some more novel changed, but they did not appear substantial modifications in its conceptions, nor in methodologies of interpretation. The understanding of the communication still remained buy overnight tramadol ties with the being who buy overnight tramadol life him: the global society. In this period, the field of study of the communication that extended, in addition to the media printed to the television, cinema, public radio, publicity and relations was extended . In addition, it tramadol prescription the interest by the examination tramadol prescription new aspects of the communication, such as psychological, sociological and the anthropological one. Education acquired a tecnicista and pragmatic tramadol prescription whose objective was to train means operators that tramadol prescription to use them new technologies introduced by the advance of the communications (television, computers, telex, etc.) . This professional formation became technical not only in which it talked about to the control of external means the man, but coverall the technique extended its action to the interior of the individual. The preparation of professionals thus tried to reinforce the training in the manipulation of the techniques and the engineering of the emotions, without questioning the ethical dimensions of these procedures " 5. Thus, it was continued and it extended the positivista conception of 180 buy tramadol and investigation of the communication that was translated in the persistence of the statistical approach, the divided theory and the empirical practice of the same. It was the phase of the apogee of the cultural functionalism and the reign of the fragmented conception of the world and the life. Finally, at a third moment, in the reflective critical phase (1965-1984), the exhaustion buy overnight tramadol the models of development of the Latin American countries buy overnight tramadol the urgent necessity of change of the social structures, it forced to include the intellectuals of the developing national states, buy overnight tramadol in their practice of investigation were influenced by conceptual models of cuts colonizante which they did not correspond nor they solved the endogenous needs of his communities and countries. A critical attitude in front of received the theoretical and methodologic inheritance began then that generated deep changes epistemologic that gradually gave life to a new national conception of the communication, that later was recognized by some European currents and of the first world like the revitalisation of the communicational thought. In this way, germinating of a buy overnight tramadol intellectual stage began that examined buy overnight tramadol communication like part of the processes of structural reproduction of the social thing. This remarkably enriched the theory of the communication and widely buy overnight tramadol thematic of the observation when buy overnight tramadol in the reflection the problems on the structure of being able of means, the national flow and international of information, the social conditions of production of the speeches, the socialization you bring back to consciousness of them by the cultural industries, the democratization of the information systems, the tramadol prescription and domination of the native cultures, the opening to the popular alternative communication, the impact of the buy overnight tramadol technologies of communication, the restoration of a new world order of the information, the construction of a new hegemony, etc. In this period, the investigation of the communication bankruptcy its traditional methodologic borders theoretical that analyze the communication from itself and initiates a gradual conceptual rupture from the slow assimilation of the contributions of the economy, history, the anthropology, sociology, political science, the psychoanalysis, the linguistic one, Biology, etc. which they explain this reality, from one more a ampler perspective. But over this advance, one advances in the historical understanding of the function that realises mass media, when analyzing it like institutions no longer isolated of the set of the buy overnight tramadol phenomena, but as product of the amalgam of social relations that they support to the society where they act. They begin thus, the first reflections that they try to explain the 180 buy tramadol within the historical frame that gives the 180 buy tramadol him: the social totality. II. - THE INTELLECTUAL FERMENT OF THE CIESPAL It is within the context buy overnight tramadol the second phase of evolution of the science of the communication in Latin America, buy overnight tramadol scientist-technique (1945-1969), that on the initiative of UNESCO, the OAS, the buy overnight tramadol University of Ecuador, the private government of buy overnight tramadol and international institutes like the Ford Foundation, the Center arises in tramadol prescription the International from Studies Superiors from Communications for Latin America (CIESPAL) buy overnight tramadol soothes in Quito, Ecuador. As of this moment, buy overnight tramadol can think that for the science of the Latin buy overnight tramadol communication, a new reflective horizon begins on the informative phenomena of the region. This important intellectual effort in Latin America, has not been analyzed deeply by buy overnight tramadol of buy overnight tramadol investigators dedicated to the examination of the evolution of the science of the communication in the continent. Despite this we can think that the first 25 years of CIESPAL life, their contribution it crossed by two 180 buy tramadol phases: the stage of the conceptual takeoff 180 buy tramadol and the phase of the own creation (1970-1984). In the phase of the conceptual takeoff the theoretical persistence of the buy overnight tramadol stood out to finish with the influences European, French and Italian that maintained an important weight on the first analyses of the communication which they were realised buy overnight tramadol Latin America. Nevertheless, the influence of the funcionalista thought of North American origin that is inherited in the region I cannot be buy overnight tramadol by the theoretical works of CIESPAL in this lapse, and the institution acted like buy overnight tramadol center of this conceptual matrix in the zone. Of this form, with CIESPAL support the organicistic theories and the quantitative methods with all variants, penetrated transparently in many tramadol prescription the curricula tramadol prescription the communication schools. The schemes of Laswell, Lazarfed and Scharmm were the dominant imaginary models that for more than 10 years were used to include/understand communication 6. During this period, buy overnight tramadol buy overnight tramadol communication was examined essentially from the journalistic angle and the formed professional pictures in this land, essentially acquired the knowledge and skills for the journalistic exercise and do not stop other informative practices. The 180 buy tramadol and faculties of journalism and communication, received a new impulse in this way; they gave a step forward, although in the direction indicated by the governing international organisms that buy overnight tramadol the line that was due to buy overnight tramadol in the economy, policy, education, etc. This way, the buy overnight tramadol and training programs, technical the bibliographical methods and buy overnight tramadol education and investigation of the communication were designed by recommended CIESPAL and to the universities of the region like basic models " 7. Within this context, in a self-critical attitude and like representative buy overnight tramadol the Center, buy overnight tramadol Ordo'6nez, Ex- Chief of a main directorate of CIESPAL, it recognized in 1979 that the centers 180 buy tramadol professional formation in communication dedicated their efforts, basically, to prepare journalists and informers who could satisfy tramadol prescription demands of the production system with cultural 180 buy tramadol that, naturally, generally ran of parallel way with the demands of the productive system of the society the journalism schools therefore, tried to train professionals so that the system maintained its vigor and tramadol prescription was developed. Its attitude is easily explicable, because they could not in case single, to overcome a situation that, in most of the countries, has not been overcome by the same University. That symbiosis buy overnight tramadol a society stayed that generates a demand of professionals buy overnight tramadol the reinforcing of the productive system - what it implies the imposition of an ideology of domination and a university that directs its efforts towards those same goals although sometimes and belligerent in its expositions against system " 8. Nevertheless, buy overnight tramadol spite of these antecedents, a positive evolution of CIESPAL during this period takes to us to conclude at least that this institution owned the merit of to have initiated tramadol prescription our means the difficult work tender contact bridges, to tramadol prescription some too dispersed efforts, to encourage initiatives of investigations, to endorse incipient 180 buy tramadol of journalism, to realise censuses and symposiums and 180 buy tramadol amount of other successes. However, yet it, began to become a certain excess of dependency of that one organism evident of you rule ideological and of the parameters of native analyses of the massive communication of the United States " 9. Finally, 180 buy tramadol this first time, we can say that the absence of imaginary and alternative humanistic analyzing the informative phenomena was concrete tramadol prescription a perspective of critic and new Latin American creation. After remaining some years immersed in buy overnight tramadol first stage of institutional affirmation, gradually CIESPAL experimented from 1970 to 1984 a remarkable intellectual evolution it placed that it in a new period of cultural maturity: the phase of own creation. That is to say, with the accumulated experience for more than 10 180 buy tramadol as of the decade of 70s., the organism initiated a new tramadol prescription by the footpaths of the critical reflection and the tasks practical of the creative communication to give to answer to the manifolds and urgent cultural needs that it raised convulsed Latin American history. It is as of this moment, that with enormous persistence and certainty CIESPAL headed a serious and systematic original effort to cover the enormous theoretical emptiness, methodologic and technical that originated the surprise appearance and expansion of mass media in the continent. With this creative buy overnight tramadol they changed lay tramadol prescription communication? buy overnight tramadol buy overnight tramadol to use mass media for buy overnight tramadol diffusion of innovations? , How to produce radio programs? , tramadol prescription by the new questions Which is the structure of being able of the cultural industries in Latin buy overnight tramadol , What type of brings back to consciousness buy overnight tramadol mass media in the region? , How to ferment the popular and democratic communication? , How to take advantage of means information to generate another development social? , What impact generate the new technologies of information in Latin America? , How to construct the national policies of communication? , How to buy overnight tramadol the restoration of a new world order of the information? , etc. Within this significant 180 buy tramadol of advances, one of the most valuable 180 buy tramadol of this second phase, not only consisted of the creative one to wake up intellectual of the institution, but of the ample diffusion and distribution of its fruits that realised with almost all the schools of communication, buy overnight tramadol research centers, organisms and analysts dedicated to the education of the cultural problems. Of buy overnight tramadol form, more than in the first buy overnight tramadol this second stage, CIESPAL one close relation with the majority buy overnight tramadol the 174 distributed schools of communication in 20 countries of Latin America maintained from 1970, where little by little and of quiet form, it seeded his seed of intellectual change (Picture no. 1 and Graphical no. 1). In order to reach this objective with great cover, CIESPAL intensified the accomplishment of their courses, seminaries, congresses, consultant's offices, conferences, scholarships, interchanges of professors, investigations and publications of books, magazines, documents, manuals, pamphlets, etc., with the purpose of to maintain an ample network of relations with the institutions of communication in the hemisphere. This way, for 1997 CIESPAL it organized 55 international courses in all the communication areas, concluded 39 projects of investigation, it formed buy overnight tramadol than 1500 scholarship holders of all the countries of Latin America, and published an enormous tramadol prescription of documents and texts turned that it into the tramadol prescription publishing center of communication of our continent (10). For 1984 4.608 scholarship holders in 74 courses formed, 38 seminaries, 36 factories and 18 buy overnight tramadol offices. Of all these activities conducted by CIESPAL, he emphasized by his particular importance for buy overnight tramadol construction buy overnight tramadol buy overnight tramadol new science of the Latin American communication, the publishing challenge undertaken by this center. Through this persistence, in few years an enormous conceptual enrichment germinated of brings back 180 buy tramadol consciousness Latin American in the field of communication, that turned from the registry of the new informative phenomena that arose, the technical buy overnight tramadol for the different practices from communication and didactic supports for education; until the evaluation of the advance of the science of the Latin American communication, the diffusion of the main methodologic currents in communication, attempts of rupture with the received models, openings of new conceptual discussions and proposals of cultural alternatives for Latin America. Also, the thematic one tried by publications became rich much when oscillating from the institutional communication, the methodology buy overnight tramadol investigation of the communication, education in the media, the accounting in the popular transmitter, lessons of public opinion; until the paper of the communication in the national buy overnight tramadol the policies in the planning of the communication, isolation in Latin America, the censorship in Brazil, the alternative communication, the future of the new technologies in Latin America, etc. Similarly, buy overnight tramadol problematic intensity of buy overnight tramadol development of the boarded one by CIESPAL significantly varied in these first 25 years of buy overnight tramadol Carrying out a general balance sheet of buy overnight tramadol books, documents, articles, pamphlets, magazines that the institution published during this period, we observed a substantial change in the granted importance diverse the thematic ones. Thus, we found that until treated 180 buy tramadol of 1984 the 21,4% of the thematic ones talked about national policies of communication, the 13,4% 180 buy tramadol the press and the journalists, 6,5% to the investigation of the communication, 6,5% to the education of the communication, 6,2% to the radio, 5,8% to the new technologies of the information, 5,5% to the theory of the communication, the 5,1% to the alternative and popular communication, 4,8% to the agencies of the news, 3,8% to the television, 3,4% to the group communication, the 2,7% to the communication and education, the 2,7% to means of communication generally, the 2,42% to the democratization of the communications, the 2,07% to the right wing information and the new international informative order, the 1,73% to the broadcasting, the 1,38% to the cinema, the 1,03% to the publicity, the 0,69% to the propaganda, the 0,34% to the public relations (2 Picture no. and Graphical no. 2). With these collaborations CIESPAL a new reflective horizon elaborated that quiet 180 buy tramadol tramadol prescription marks buy overnight tramadol reasoning of the science of the 180 buy tramadol American communication. This cultural contribution and many 180 buy tramadol initiatives buy overnight tramadol than introduced in this period other buy overnight tramadol like the Latin American Institute of Transnational Studies buy overnight tramadol in Mexico, the Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies in Comunicación (INTERCOM) in Brazil, the Association of Investigators of Comunicación (ALAIC) in Colombia, the Factory of Investigation for Comunicación Masiva (TICOM) in Mexico, the Training center of Realidad Nacional (CEREN) in Chile, the Institute of Investigation of Comunicación (ININCO) in Venezuela, the Latin American Federation of Periodistas (FELAP) in Mexico, the Training center of Transnational Cultura (IPAL) in Peru, the Association Latin American of Educación Radiofónica (ALER) in Ecuador, the Training center of Promotion For Desarrollo (DESCO), the delegation of Mass media UNESCO for Latin America, the Latin American Association of Radio and T.V. (UNDA-AL) in Colombia, the Latin American Evangelical Commission of Educación Cristiana (CELADEC) in Peru, the diverse National Associations of Investigation of the Communication and many other institutions more; they were the detonating more important intellectuals that they brought about a change of communicative imaginary mentality and formation of in the schools and research centers of Latin America. About synthesis, we can think that throughout his first 25 years of life, CIESPAL collaborated you bring back to consciousness to work them of students, investigators, specialists and professionals of the information in Latin America with the introduction of new imaginary on this discipline and its entailment with the society. In the furrows of buy overnight tramadol brings back to consciousness that it abrió buried new intellectual restlessness seeds and buy overnight tramadol reflection on the Latin American communication. After several decades of mental culture, buy overnight tramadol through its publications, some of these simientes they buy overnight tramadol in the region giving life, among others, to the following cultural fruits: In first term, CIESPAL acted for more than two decades like the main bridge of communication between the specialists, the schools and the diverse centers of reflection of the information in Latin America. It was the more important nervous system that it nourished with new blood to the multiple dispersed cells of communication by all the ends of the continent. In this way, the enormous incomunicante breach was reduced substantially that traditionally isolated to us like professionals of the communication in the region. In second term, from his second time, with the diffusion of its publications, CIESPAL tramadol prescription and maintained a most important effort of original reflection on the problems of the Latin American communication. This persistence very significantly contributed to create the new science of the regional communication. We even can say that, without the active presence of the buy overnight tramadol against this background, the development of the science of the Latin American communication would have delayed its line of evolution that at the moment has reached, especially in the zone center buy overnight tramadol the south of the hemisphere. In third term, through the monumental edition task 180 buy tramadol their titles and the buy overnight tramadol of their center of specialized documentation, buy overnight tramadol constructed the greater historical memory on information means that have notion in all the Latin American area. In this way, it collaborated to establish the bases of an own ideological identity in the matter of buy overnight tramadol This it was an important germ that was scattered in favor of critical waking up of the Latin American thought in the cultural land and that gradually infected to other compatible disciplines. Finally, in fourth term, with the accomplishment of the previous activities and many others more, CIESPAL contributed a small sand grain to produce the theoretical ruptures in the space of the communication that as much required the independent impulse of the Latin American thought. In this way, the institution contributed abrir small rays of light that illuminated the national reflections on the communication problems. With the contribution of these foundations, buy overnight tramadol managed buy overnight tramadol seed the new cultural embryos 180 buy tramadol produced, to medium and long term, a modern one brings back to consciousness informative in the region. Of buy overnight tramadol form, the imaginary news generated by CIESPAL significantly impelled the management and organization of the new 180 buy tramadol of the Latin American communication that made possible the creation of conceptual bases for the formation of a new world-wide communicative order. buy overnight tramadol 1
For a synthetic vision on buy overnight tramadol evolution of the communication in the capitalist world, to buy overnight tramadol of Dark Daniel Castle, Elements for a Theory of the Communication, (ILCE), Studies Superiors, 180 buy tramadol D.F. 1977, P. 129-136; Miguel de Moragas Spa, the Theoretical Work and the Alternatives to the Average Mass , in Popular Alternatives to the Communications of Masses, Jose Vidal Beneyto, 180 buy tramadol Ed. Sociological Research center, Madrid 1970, P. 63-66; Carlos Villagrán, the Problems of the Ideology and the Science of the Communication, in Mexican Magazine of Political and Social Sciences no. 86-87, FCPyS, UNAM, Mexico, D.F January 1976, March 1977, P. 75-84; Jesus 180 buy tramadol Barber, Massive Communication Speech and Power, Collection Intiyán no. 7. CIESPAL, Quito Ecuador, 1ª. Ed, 1978 P. 21-24; and Mabel Piccini, the Investigation On Mass media in Latin America, National Symposium of the Communication: The Experience of EUA, Latin buy overnight tramadol University, Depto. Of Communication, April of 1978, P. 10-16. Dr. Javier Esteinou Madrid Titular investigator of the Department of Education and Communication of the Metropolitan Independent University, Xochimilco Unit, Mexico, buy overnight tramadol Mexico. |