New technologies
and communication
New technologies
and communication
REASON AND WORD, Number 2, Year 1, March-April 1996
First half ativan buy lorazepam century ativan prescription novohispano reveals a deep transformation to us of the social space, as a result of the dramatic changes originated by the process of conquest, colonization and evangelisation of the mesoamericanas regions. Beyond the transcendental legimitización of I dominate Spanish on its new territories, that to him bula provided famous alejandrina, existed a constant restlessness to assimilate the new territories and their inhabitants, to the Hispanic world of life. This is realised in the middle of an atmosphere similar to the epañola recapture, characterized by the three distinctive ativan prescription of the consolidation of the power Castilian-Aragonese: war, evangelisation and colonization. These three moments, do not consolidate like mere events of a secular power, but they mainly ativan buy lorazepam transfondo taken root in the sagrada history of the Spain of century XVI and the religious antecedents of the mesoamericano world.
The well-known controversy maintained between Sepúlveda (1) and fr. Bartholomew of the Houses (2), ativan prescription solve the thorny subject regarding the conquest ativan prescription slavery of the natural ones, is not only a discussion of a select group of learned theologians to the service of the king, on the contrary, it is part of a general preoccupation of the new novohispana society around the concrete forms in which this one begins to integrate itself. We know that in the case of fr. Alonso of the Side Cross, university professor of the first course of Logic dictated in the Real and Pontifical University of Mexico (3), participating with its writings in ativan buy lorazepam explanation of these so delicate aspects, especially concerning the convenience of acquiring the tithe ativan prescription the natural ones, will have to ativan buy lorazepam returning temporarily to him to Spain to be processed by the Inquisición.
We will speak here ativan half life ativan prescription importance ativan prescription the last one of these moments, in its complex interrelation ativan half life the other two, around the consolidation of a new world of life, and its implications in the ativan prescription of the community of symbols, like systems of ativan prescription representation, during these first fifty years of transatlantic contact between the novohispana colony and the metropolis.
In a first plane ativan buy lorazepam assimilation, ativan prescription one of the colonization like dominion and ativan prescription of the geographic space, the novohispana poetry of the ativan prescription contributes valuable data to us on the advance of this spiritual process in which the different novohispanos spaces are integrated with the rest of world-wide geography, giving rise to a Mundus Novus. Indeed, in the Colloquy of the new conversion and baptism of the four last kings of Tlaxcala (Romance of the clergyman Juan Diaz), the universality of the Christian preaching is raised, that includes/understands from Montes Rifeos and it extends until the magnificent Atoyaque and the Mexican Lagoon (4). One is not then only an approach of ethnographic and ativan prescription nature, in the style of the Geographic Relations of Century XVI promoted by emperor Carlos V. ativan prescription necesaro in addition ativan prescription propagate the faith to legitimize to the dominion and the possession of these territories.
When invigorating itself the reclamation process that characterizes to all colonization, is a continuous fight of the communities to restore the legitimacy of its possessions, reason for which must constantly ventilate their fueros before the new authorities.
A rupture of the legal order appears on which it is based the use and dominion of the space, that leads to a doubt on the new form to dissolve the problems of the inheritance, intimately bound to the concept of property and the status of the natural ones, as it indicates the process to it of Ana Xipaltzin against Juan Ixcohuiltzin, in Tlaxcala, century XVI:
By this cause the manifesto to Justice now. We understand that therefore one became ativan prescription time ativan buy lorazepam the gentilidad, that to that ativan prescription took earth him, the heredades, the ativan prescription illegally. And now, that we know by mandate of whom, it took all earth me, my heredades. Perhaps it was by mandate of the governor? The mayors? And if he has some ativan buy lorazepam shows that it. But he was not by mandate of which one ativan prescription in my earth
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When the run out quickly the precious metals, the conquerors found in earth means of enrichment that when affecting to communal earth will cause the ruin of the natural gentlemen (old indigenous aristocracy), made responsible of the debts contracted by their subjects. A clear signal of the decay of the caciquil power was the designation of governors of Tenochtitlan who were master pilli (nonnoble) or zan cuauhpilli (only noble soldier), until in the year of 1530 Diego Huanitzin was reestablished the legitimate dynasty to the enthroned being (Panitzin), grandson of Axayacatl, son of Tezozomoc and brother of Moctezuma. The last one of the governors pertaining to the imperial family was Luis of Santa Maria Cipac, grandson of Ahuitzotl. Governor in 1563 was instituted as and died by the end of 1565.
Along with ativan prescription disintegration of the spaces of being able mesoamericanos, the social ativan buy lorazepam vanishes and a deep trastocamiento of the valuing ativan prescription of the native society is revealed to us. The ativan prescription of its properties even depended on the public adhesion to the Spanish system of beliefs, that it was the foundation of the new legal frame in which the ativan prescription ones moved, as us they demonstrate the processes to it by the Earth property followed in Tlaxcala, since it was commited to them to declare previous ativan prescription of the Christian faith (5).
In the second level the contact like a military problem, in which it is revealed like truly heroic, to the eyes of the rising novohispana society considers, the figure of Courteous Hernán (6), like a conqueror of kingdoms and souls. Us lebrela of Terms remembers with great clarity the ativan prescription of the poet Jose de Arrazola, written ativan prescription the end of the century XVI, that narrates the episode in which lebrela takes part one left by Grijalva and found by a vessel of Courteous. The presence of this animal that distinguished itself by the enthusiasm whereupon served to the conquerors trying to them food, had a great resonance in the spirit of the Spaniards found who it when disembarking to the borders of the lagoon of Terms and they adjudged a supernatural character to him, ativan prescription they ignored that he had been left in that place by the ativan buy lorazepam of Grijalva. After eating of the abundant ration given by this diligent animal, Courteous it is thankful to God by how level and certain it is the ativan prescription of people in You of your creatures , because it helps the destitute navigators, facilitating so that one infinity of crude people, by my hand to your Faith are reduced .
In these two slopes ativan buy lorazepam ativan buy lorazepam contact, the military man and the Settler, an unifying element, the asylum appears of course, that talks about the pathos in which this mutual ativan half life like part of expanding is ativan half life and intense process of sacralisation of the novohispano space (7). One is the regular preaching, commanded by the seráficos monks, and who in an atmosphere of incomparable freedom protected by bulas happy Alias (1521) and Exponi Nobis Fecisti (1522), called the Absolute one (8) because it provided with obispales powers the missionaries, it invites to participate to the natives in the banquet, the banquet of the love (9). Again, the novohispana poetry has picked up these restlessness of radical the mileniaristas missionaries (10), who in desposorio Spiritual (1574) of the presbítero Juan Perez Ramirez (1545) (11), it is pronounced like cohesionante element between ativan half life and the Old World, in a supernatural plane.
In this poem, the Mexican Church is conceived like ativan prescription beautiful and rich shepherd, at whom the time had arrived to flatter to the precious shepherd the loving fruit of ativan prescription flowery orchard . It takes the poet these ativan prescription from Cantar of Cantares, to symbolize the spiritual union between the New Spain and Christian Europe (12). Indeed, the Divine Love plays the role of Cures for any evil ", mofando with this expression of the rules that held to the ativan prescription as much in its education as in the liturgy. All these elements are surpassed by the ativan half life of the Divine Love, emanated of God as a result of the ativan buy lorazepam of their Son and ativan prescription now ativan buy lorazepam have to marry to these new earth with Christ. She is this Great Baptist , who is to dominate the demons and who are to console to the patients with their Divine Bread that grants the lost eternal life to them by Adam.
But it is not a simple union ativan buy lorazepam cultural elements that they are ativan buy lorazepam in I acclimate mesoamericano, because in this interesting synthesis of symbols of real and imaginary character the axis objectivity-subjectivity modifies of ativan half life extraordinary way, allowing a spiritual development that ativan half life not only to the different layers from the novohispana population, but benefits to the Old Continent through Spain and Portugal (13).
The fixation of the semantic field of the introduced European symbols, posed communicative problems (14) that produced important flowerings concerning the culture as consolidated the novohispana social formation. These ativan prescription of concept brings back to consciousness intermediate ativan prescription be isolated very rightly under common of nepantlismo (15), that indicates the transitory nature of the novohispano status indigenous, and consisted of a constant source of ativan prescription for the missionaries because they indicated the imperfect to them of the first franciscan evangelisation in the New Spain ativan prescription .
On these testimonies of the ativan half life of the rites and old customs, that have been assimilated to the Christian cult, one is based the constant suspicion and ativan prescription of the missionaries, who do not stop to recommend a kind monitoring of the catecúmenos (17). There is a total conviction which the traditions transmitted by the old ativan buy lorazepam cannot be still forgotten after a period so expanded as the one the first fifty years of evangelisation.
Prepared with this restlessness, ativan prescription conviction that appears it is necessary to destroy by root ativan half life warp of the old beliefs, defeating to the subtle and mañoso adversary to be able to ativan prescription a new world of life. ativan prescription fight against the idolatry, is expressed in the institution of the first inquisidor court, who the franciscan ones promote in defense of incipient evangelisation which they have carried out, of the same form in which their ativan half life had made it after the recapture and colonization of the Iberian Peninsula (18).
We do not have to either ignore the problematic aspects that the conformation of the novohispana colony raised, especially that one ativan half life that nourishes to the approach ativan half life both towns and that the slavery of the natural ones justified, as payment to the immense benefit that the missionaries and Spaniards when cristianizar them had done them. In the Anonymous one of Yucay, ativan half life the political and economic implications are clear that impregnated the preferential direction of the colonial development, as for the population, control and culturización of the American colonial spaces.
The anonymous author emphasizes the influence of the mining activities in the diffusion of the European religious practices (19), because ativan prescription mineral veins were considered a dowry given by God, because [the Indians were] for bienaventuranáa able of this marriage with Jesuchristo but they were ugly, rustic, idiot, ináviles, lagañosos , reason by which east marriage in which they were these ativan prescription spouses of Jesus Christ , was realised preferential in the places where mines existed, because where ay goes the Gospel flying , whereas in other sites where them ay, but poor, is not average of censure, because the Gospel never ativan prescription there (20).
The ativan buy lorazepam in the colonized towns, related to excessive acts ativan prescription the representatives of ativan half life colonial Majestys , are violent answers that ativan half life as a result of the drastic modification of the world of original life and ativan half life convulsions of the caciquil class, traditionally made responsible of the important ritual acts, that it has ativan prescription a slow and uncontrollable process of agony. One is not only cases whose political, military and economic importance is determining, as it were it the process and execution in the bonfire (1530), by idolatry, sacrifice and sodomía of the governor tarasco Caltzontzin, to request of ativan prescription de Guzmán. They are extreme solutions to the problem of the confrontation between both powers, that exceed the dimension of consensually ativan prescription as natural and ativan prescription important aspects of the supernatural or sacred considered thing socially like. (21).
They involve ativan buy lorazepam who direct rebellions with a clearly religious shade, proclaiming itself to themselves like beings equipped with divine powers ativan buy lorazepam have been granted them to be able to defeat to the Spaniards ativan prescription a supernatural level (22), reason for which we can identify them like movements of messianic nature (23). Similar caciquiles rises, whose leaders finally ativan prescription process by idolatry, are direct consequence ativan prescription the exhaustive modification of the political ativan prescription cultural geography of the New Spain in gestation (24).
Since traditionally the cacique had had an important participation in the rituals (25), a persecution of ativan buy lorazepam caciquil power was logical ativan buy lorazepam ativan buy lorazepam for in this first stage, that was legitimized on the basis of two aspects: the disobedience to the ecclesiastical laws and the dogmatización of the old faith that denied to the Christian religion. We know that these personages not only sacrificed victims propiciatorias, but they regulated the agricultural productive cycle and they dominated the handling of the medicinal ativan prescription Virtues turned that them into excellent ativan prescription of undeniable utility for the support of the communities ativan buy lorazepam .
It is discovered in these processes by witchcraft, an ativan prescription to conserve and to defend ativan prescription traditional use of the space and the bodies, essential to satisfy the vital needs and spiritual mesoamericanas and that nevertheless are persecuted by the inquisitorial apparatus because it considers dangerous forms of idolatry (27).
It is identified to ativan buy lorazepam ativan buy lorazepam with the European wizards, consequently natural of the franciscan experience ativan half life the extirpation of sorceresses in Biscay, directed ativan buy lorazepam Zumárraga and in ativan prescription it participated Elm trees, invited by its well-known erudition in witchcraft and demonología, and considered by Mendieta like a task carried out with much uprightness and maturity . Already in American earth, Zumárraga processes to several caciques, punishing them with a severity that will surprise the monarchic authorities and Elm trees, as well, extirpates diabolic cults in the different enclaves where it realises his ethnographic rises.
It is an objectivisation, that ativan prescription seems to us a serious reduction of the native ativan prescription universe, in terms of the cultural manifestations heterodoxas that are persecuted in Europe by ativan half life years (28). Worried about these subjects that make difficult the pacific conversion of the natural ones, Fr. Alonso of the Veracruz include in its Dialectic resolutio, ativan prescription to persuade dialectically to the ativan prescription to reject the witchcraft, because to consult the demons ativan prescription is anathema , and are worthy of censure those [worthy magical arts] who have an author or nongood principle and of fire (29).
This ontological redefinition arrived at ativan prescription indigenous ativan prescription through intense contact maintained between the seráficos and their catecúmenos. We know that the method that followed the first franciscan ones to make their dictionaries ativan prescription to ativan prescription with the children and to ativan prescription objects to them to listen to the word designated that them in the indigenous language. From it was born a friendship between the ativan prescription and the childhood there that was to end, after religious training years, in a violent rejection to the old priests, to the degree of which including several they died stoned ativan prescription the infants, because demons considered, as Durán mentions: in this they died many of those very brave ministers and would want to put the hands in the boys, but they would not dare [...] before like were frightened in seeing so great audacity .
In the construction of a new ontological universe, characteristic of the stages of passage that undergo the towns at determining moments of their evolution, the most intimate aspects of the human existence undergo a so radical redefinition, that they become truly traumatic events. Thus it happened in the case of the prohibition of the polygamy, that as it leaves from the evangelisation program it instituted in the new territories (30). This measurement aggravated the caciquil power significantly, that numerous descendants like element were based on the celebration ativan prescription several marriages and detonator of the social encumbramiento of the cacique (31). The inquisitorial accusations to the caciques by cohabitation ativan prescription frequent, like convincing test of their return to the old religious practices. (32).
All these ruptures of the order of things mesoamericano explain the deep disorientation of the natives, when settling the new system of rules and prohibitions, because it implied a series of obligations and privileges not known and incomprehensible for the native ones. Since rightly it has indicated the psychoanalysis of the culture, these liminales states need rites of initiation and transition that facilitate to the subjects the adoption of their new paper in the society. (33).
Thus they crystallize a series of rituals in ativan prescription call splendor of the cult of the first fifty years of the novohispano virreinato and that could not ativan buy lorazepam happened without a continuity contributed by customs and beliefs ativan prescription that recurentemente we found in the stories of the cronistas, especially in the case of the religious practices that they agreed in its form with the European ritual. According to Durán informs to us, in its History of the Indians of the New Spain, when it analyzes the cult of Tezcatlipoca and after finding in him coincidences with the Hispanic witchcraft, recognizes a continuity between the maintenance that occurred ativan prescription the temple of this God and the ativan prescription custom him of the mayordomías in the novohispanas churches (34). Also in the cult rendered to deads, it finds the cronista a similarity with the Christian customs, that according to seems to him ativan prescription mix something of it with our celebration of deceaseds, as ativan prescription mix with the ativan prescription singing its responsos funerals, crying its old gentlemen and Gods and, because we do not understand it, say that they do not remember it (35).
Both liturgies, European and ativan prescription American, are unified forming constructos whom both sacred spaces superpose, ativan prescription them in novel mitologemas. So it is the case of the figures of Santo Tomás Quetzalcóatl and Santa Maria Tonántzin (36), whom the interstices overwhelm with the European and mesoamericano imaginary ativan prescription . The unknown ativan buy lorazepam and the attributes of the ativan buy lorazepam are identified Santo Tomás with those from Quetzalcóatl.
And the devotion sui generis to the virgins (37), that excited the Iberian Peninsula, forms along with the pantheon of Hispanic goddesses florilegio of marianas devotions headed by the guadalupana appearance. The siginificativa expression: Non fecit to taliter omni nationi, is an element of continuity with character of rite of passage (38) because it also appears in ativan half life liturgy of Our Lady of the Pillar (39).
Like irrefutable test ativan prescription the social impact of these imaginary realities, we have the descriptions of the lives of novohispanos saints, mentioned in the Franciscan Menologio of fr. Agustín de Vetancurt, that speaks to us of ativan buy lorazepam underflow of this new form of espiritualidad in century XVII. The ativan buy lorazepam contemplations, ecstasy, visions, gifts to cure ativan buy lorazepam imaginary and natural visions, premonitions, gifts of ativan prescription and elevations in the celestial spheres are common, ativan prescription it floods the devotee fantasy these chronicles. When dying the devout ones with scent to sanctity, must dress several times the body before burying it by the frenzy of the dolientes that wish to conserve a shred of the habit or a ativan prescription of santo like relic.
It would want ativan prescription close this exhibition with a brief reference to a writing that allows us to glimpse a parallel development of the ativan prescription space, following the cultural resistance to the intense evangelizadora activity, during novohispana social integration in century XVII. One is the Manifesto of ativan half life Zelo of a Religious Natural Minister of à ativan half life the state of the Republic of the Indians with pulque, who drink, and the perdiciones that they have, shows that us pulquería like mighty emergent institution cultural, with music of guitarrras, harps ativan half life other instruments with aposentos where Negros and Mulatos join themselves, Mestizos, and ativan half life Spaniards , who enjoyed a complete state of emergency, emergency situation, to the degree that no minister underneath serious pains can enter , reason why Sundays ativan buy lorazepam audience is in one pulquería that in the Church . As well as in the cloisters the Christian life is raised, in these enclosures conserve the devotions, uses of the body and imaginary worlds that nourished to the other novohispanas cultural roots, ativan half life together in combite they offer to the God Tezcatlipoca that is I am vacant first cantarillo . (40)
NOTES:
Agata and Hernando only presented/displayed their witnesses ativan buy lorazepam ativan buy lorazepam mayor Juan de Avalos. Juan Ixtecuechin, Antonio Yaotzacua, Benito Pátol, Juan de Cáceres and Rodrigo Cuauhtepiloltzin presented/displayed to this mayor the called witnesses. All these, each, ativan buy lorazepam oath with the right hand, put which it on the cross it kissed and it. Soon they were ativan buy lorazepam In the name of God and Santa Maria and the signal de la Cruz who you have kissed, you promise ativan prescription say) the truth. You do not have to lie. If rompiéreis your promise, God, Our Gentleman will punish, you in your bores " Antonio Ixcuáuh, Antonio Xochinanácatl and other relatives against the brothers. Agata and ativan prescription 1567 , in Thelma D. Sullivan. Tlaxcaltecas documents of century XVI. Mexico: UNAM, 1987. p.67-69, 81-83. Return
It knows ativan prescription ten understood, you, smallest of my children, who I am always Virgin Santa Maria, Mother of the true God by that lives itself; of the Creator it fits who is everything; Gentleman of the sky and the Earth. Desire vivamente that is elevated a temple here to me, stops in showing and to give all my love, compasió, ativan prescription and defense , see Richard Nebel. Santa Maria Tonantzin, Virgin of Guadalupe. Continuity and religious transformation of México.México: FCE, 1995. p.175. Return
