By: Antonio Requejo of the Target
Mexican institute of Technology of the Water
Oral tradition
A way to read and to interpret the subject Oralidad and Comunicación , proposed for the present number of the electronic magazine Reason and word, takes to the concept oral tradition to us. As beginning to approach this concept we have decided to stop us in its etimología. The word tradition, appeared in Castilian in the middle of century XVII, derives from the Latin tradere, made stacker 3 ephedrine of tra-: to the other side, further on and - dere: to give . Thus, the term tradition: to give further on , when locking up the idea to transmit or to give, contains in itself the intention to communicate, but with the quality to do it further on .
As far as the oral word, we noticed that its property to the Castilian goes back to the past century and its etimología sends to us, in first instance, to the Latin oralis, derived as well from Indo-European you: mouth and the Spanish suffix - al: of , regarding . 1 Soon then, binding the ideas to transmit or to give diet ephedrine fda pill means of the own faculties or pertaining to the mouth, we could consider to the oral tradition like a communication by the word.
But nevertheless it is a communication that has certain characteristics define that it before another type of oral communications: she is also verbal and immediate, but their meaning, at the same time as they are present, comes diet ephedrine fda pill diet ephedrine fda pill forms of knowledge in the past with intention of future. It is an alive bridge from further on towards another one further on. The oral tradition, as a verbal form of the communication, establishes a species of game of permanence in the time. It is a continuous present where it is conjugated the past and the future.
However, this type of communication located in happening of the time, that transmits of generation in generation and ear mouth (as it is said in India) knowledge, values, habits, attitudes, tasks, customs, etc., is a fundamental note of the societies ágrafas like resource directed to the maintenance of fundamental information to the interior of a culture. So that it was possible, such societies developed, from the language showed by the voice; that is to say, from the inherent peculiarities to the oralidad, idiomatic stacker 3 ephedrine that contained and consolidated the information susceptible to be learned, to be stacker 3 ephedrine to be exercised, pronounced and transmitted, by prepared oficiantes people, as they are it the speakers and the priests or chamanes.
These idiomatic and cultural structures are vehicles of information that are related to dances, agricultural or funeral celebrations, ceremonies and conform an art of the language.
Observing the oral tradition from this perspective means to consider it like an art, like a composition style. On the matter the poet and novelist Carlos Montemayor, student of the traditional literary forms and present Literature in several indigenous languages of Mexico, proposes one more a ampler way to understand the concept of oral tradition:
in that contexts of resistance cultural languages indigenous suppose use specific that type is in itself of composition that stacker 3 ephedrine of use colloquial in the same measurement that in any other language distinguishes the artistic composition of the common expression the complex idiomatic process and cultural that has occurred in stacker 3 ephedrine tradition oral only can to explain stacker 3 ephedrine from art of language, because in strict sense, the oral tradition is certain art of composition which in the indigenous cultures it has precise functions, particularly the stacker 3 ephedrine to conserve ancestral knowledge through songs, prayers, spells speeches or stories. 2
Indigenous Literature of oral tradition
The fan of the diet ephedrine fda pill indigenous Literature that is made today, in this century XX, offers its several faces and diverse languages by means of different sorts: story, theater, novel and poetry, that are patentizan in three slopes: the historical one, the one of personal creation and the one of oral tradition. The historical one narrates origins, development, vicissitudes and profits of the communities, ejidos or municipalities; the personal creation responds to individual impulses of own expression, whereas the oral tradition transports transmitted cultural contents of generation in generation. As far as the poetic diet ephedrine fda pill in himself, this one occurs in the territories of the personal creation and the oral tradition, but it shares with the other sorts a basic characteristics: they reflect and they indicate an independent and self-sufficient, total universe of deep espiritualidad, associated to the total identification with the nature, and that it has to the maize like symbol of the sacred center, cereal that has constituted, historically, the nutritional base and nucleus of cosmovisón indigenous. From the Popol Vuh it is already read:
Of yellow maize and white maize its meat became;
of mass of maize the arms and the legs became
of the man. mass of maize entered the meat solely
of our parents
Speeches
In agreement diet ephedrine fda pill ephedrine sulfate characteristics of the Mayan language, along diet ephedrine fda pill the long or brief syllabic duration, the pitch and the explosion brought about by the glotales blows, the compositional bases of the prayers and the speeches they are the elaboration based on formulas and the ceremonial epítetos. Thus it is appraised, for example, in the speeches, one of the effective traditional literary forms at present in certain indigenous communities. In the celebrations of the tzotziles towns _explica Enrique Perez Lopez, orador_ delivers well-known ceremonial speeches as Riox is for naming and remembering all the process of the celebration, as well as the preoccupations, the aficciones of those who participate to order it and to prepare it. 3
It stacker 3 ephedrine possible to indicate that it only enters ephedrine sulfate tzotziles is acceded to the positions, established ephedrine sulfate the community by the tradition, if the man has shown to be able in the work, and by work he is understood, essentially, the activities associated to the culture of the maize. A working man is the one has that it in great stacker 3 ephedrine which represents infallible means to gain respect and prestige in the community.
In diet ephedrine fda pill diet ephedrine fda pill proferir the word describes and makes the celebration diet ephedrine fda pill naming it possible; and the same speech, within its rate, is generating a movement inner that diet ephedrine fda pill the past and the future in the present:
Only Sir
to noon
to half year
its heart worried
its heart was troubled
it brought neat
it brought ordered
the sacred banquet
sagrada vianda
where it obtained
where it found
a maize grain
a kidney bean grain
a cent
a currency
in order to buy
in order to acquire
the kindness of the feet
the grace of the hands
of the Father
of Jesus
of the Nazarene
you my Father
Son of my Mr. God
reverendo Mr. Padre.
Whatever is
yet and the ones in charge
yet and the people in charge
to praise
of engrandecer
the flowery celebration
flowery Passover
only thus he will be calm
only thus it will be peacefully
its body
its matter
they already saw its eyes
it already observed its heart
it will give
the flowery position
the flowery contribution
it will give
it will leave
they diet ephedrine fda pill where it
they chose where it
they imposed where it
they granted where it
the flowery position
Prayers
The same Carlos Montemayor, in its titled book Art and composition in the Mayan sacerdotal prayers, 4 comment that the Mexican indigenous forms literary corresponding to the tradition comprise and are expression of an image of the world that conceives to the ephedrine sulfate Earth like an alive being. The reason of being of the prayers, then, consists of the invocation of those invisible stacker 3 ephedrine suppliers and protectors of the life, that stacker 3 ephedrine not live in distant places, but to the interior of the own indigenous communities.
In the Yucatan Peninsula, some prayers of traditional type entail a conception, possibly pre-Hispanic, of the nature and the life in the community, and are pronounced by the Mayan priests during the agricultural ceremonies. Several associate ceremonial forms with agriculture exist and each has a specific function: the well-known one like Loj Korral, is celebrated when blessing a corral or a parcel; the Wajil Kool, takes place ofrendando breads of maize the nonvisible beings, in an act of gratefulness by the received harvests; when a rain request is carried out, Ch'a'cháak is diet ephedrine fda pill and when initiating preparatory workings in a land, Jedz Lu'um. The prayers or plegarias in Mayan are payalchi' and to the oficiantes or Mayan priests J-men or J-meno'ob is called to him.
Carlos Montemayor, in their study stacker 3 ephedrine explain how those formulas work, those schemes born stacker 3 ephedrine the particularitity of the language that sustain to the stacker 3 ephedrine and the ancestral memory, exemplify stacker 3 ephedrine a ceremony Wajil Kool. To the interior of the ceremony, the prayers pronounced by the Mayan priest, are satisfied by adverbial formulas, formulas of epítetos and formulas of nomenclatures that are constituted like poetic mnemotécnico material at the same time as. Like example, some appear that make reference to the maize: santa Gracia.
on beautiful Santa Gracia
that she appears here in the stacker 3 ephedrine one
Santa Tierra of the sin,
of that we bring
the Beautiful White Offering
to diet ephedrine fda pill Beautiful Saints Gentlemen whom they water
rains,
so stacker 3 ephedrine you can give to us
smallest of the Grace
tiniest of the Grace,
They had will
so that the diet ephedrine fda pill of your Beautiful Presence,
also to realise
the irrigation of Santa
Beautiful Grace,
my Beautiful Father,
Sir mine
Beautiful Father,
God Father,
Beautiful Father, Gentleman mine,
he already completed himself
this Santa Obediencia,
Beautiful Father,
everything already finished,
Sir mine
that they can feel the scent
of Santa Gracia,
Beautiful father.
Then already he completed himself,
Sir mine,
he armed himself
with will,
with joy,
Beautiful father.
Then thus also
they are going to savor
santa Gracia
with the joy
that she brought,
Sir mine
He is observed that he enters the epítetos forms more using appear: Beautiful, Gentleman, Father and Presence, each with an extensive fan of combinatory options, but always dividing of a binary sequence Epíteto + Name, or, ternary Epíteto 1 + Epíteto 2 + Name.
Beautiful he can be placed before numerous nouns in stacker 3 ephedrine binary formulas: stacker 3 ephedrine Father, Beautiful Gentleman, Beautiful Presence.
Thus, this old one to know about the organizations and visible and invisible things, sheltered in the own formulas of some traditional literary sorts, is made present by means of the celebration of the rite to assure the future survival.
The oralidad - perhaps it would be possible to be concluded communicates beyond the limits.
Notes
1 Corominas, Joan, Brief etymological dictionary of the Castilian language, Editorial Gredos, S.A., Hispanic Romance Library, V. Dictionaries, 2 , 3ª ed., 5ª reimp., Madrid, 1990 (1ª ed. 1961), pp. 577 and 425.
Go'mez de Silva, Guido, Brief stacker 3 ephedrine dictionary of the Spanish language, the School of Mexico and Fondo de Economic Cultura, 2º reimp., Mexico, 1991 (1º ed. 1988), pp. 686 and 503.
2 Montemayor, Carlos, the indigenous story of oral tradition, Notes on its stacker 3 ephedrine and classifications, Research center and Studies Superiors in Social Anthropology (Oaxaca) and Oaxaqueño Institute of the Cultures, Test , 1ª edition, Oaxaca, 1996, P. 9.
3 Jiménez History, Jose; Brown Jiménez, Manuel, the flowery word of the Carnival, stacker 3 ephedrine Institute Indigenista, contemporary Mayan Letters, Chiapas , ephedrine sulfate 9, Mexico, 1996, P. 99.
4 Montemayor, Carlos, Art and composition in the Mayan sacerdotal prayers, Independent University of Yucatan, Merida, 1995, 75 pp.
