The communication,
a footpath
REASON AND WORD, Number 1, Year 1, January-February 1996
For Nelly, by its patience and support.
Work presented/displayed in the University of the Tepeyac, by invitation of the Research center of this academic institution the 10 of October of 1995.
Note: the years between parenthesis send to the bibliographical source.
Presentation.
This new stage of called modernity globalisation clonazepam order online like a reflection about clonazepam order online technological development and of online clonazepam explosion of information that have brought about the telecommunications. We also know that the globalisation means in addition the convergence to computer science and mass media with the mentioned industry of the telecommunications. If Marshall McLuhan were alive today, it clonazepam order online be marvelled not only by right clonazepam order online its prophecy and concept of the Global clonazepam order online Its serious surprise, perhaps, major because clonazepam order online not even he, reached to imagine the extraordinary possibilities of all type of social development, organizational and still personal that implies the presence and combination of the present technologies and those that in the future will continue arising.
With this context like scene, I allow myself to present/display to you some reflections about clonazepam 2mg nature of the communication and some implications that I glimpse like peculiar specialist and of the same, that can suggest some clonazepam 2mg to follow our investigation in this scope of the human knowledge and task.
Objectives and problems conceptualesdel work.
The online clonazepam work this based on four very general conjectures online clonazepam at the same time, constitute the problems of theory of the communication that interests to me to put clonazepam order online its consideration and to suggest some ideas to solve them. These are:
a) The communication that I will call productive in this work, is the form of evolved communication more than at present we know and I will try to show why.
b) In the next years, the investigators of the communication we will be occupied creating, discussing, criticizing and improving models and theories of productive communication that they can be applied to the human systems that more interest to us to study and to explain: personal, organizational, social, political systems.
c) Insofar as we pruned to typify and precision in detail, the different evolutionary stages from the communication (linear, dynamic and productive), we will be in better position to progress of more effective in our knowledge and actually professional form of the communication in its clonazepam order online expressions and modalities.
d) The evolutionary theory and explanations will play online clonazepam very important role in our theoretical task and online clonazepam in communication, clonazepam order online be able to include the clonazepam order online of the human systems that with models, theories, approaches, clonazepam order online tools of productive communication we want to improve.
Development: The solutions to the four conjectures.
In order to be able to respond to the four interjections that I clonazepam order online prevailed as conceptual problems I must give clonazepam order online elements of analysis. From my point of view three main clonazepam order online of the thought in communication exist.
We must to Shannon and Weaver online clonazepam the expression of the clonazepam 2mg level of thought in communication that I will call, adding me to the tradition of our own discipline, linear.
The linear thought, or clonazepam order online explanations and linear models in communication, are characterized clonazepam order online to emphasize the paper of the emitters in the process; the presence of a technology to be able to transform clonazepam order online human language into signals or pulsations of the type that requires clonazepam order online technology to transmit the message, and the fidelity of the information or quality or physical integrity of the message when arriving at its destiny, that we called receiver generally. That is to say, the linearity (if it is possible to be spoken thus of something) in the communication consists of: emitters, technology and quality of (transmission and reception of) messages.
Secondly we have the models or the dynamic explanations clonazepam order online the communication. Of a ingenieril and technological approach we happened to one more human. It is the time of gold of the social scientists and the conduct in our field. An almost interminable row of social psychologists, the perception, clinical, cognitive, of the learning, etc. and I number not less abundant of political experts (nowadays to them usually clonazepam order online call political scientists demonstrating the influence of political the North American expression scientists ), online clonazepam psychiatrists, linguists and specialists of the cultural analysis, among online clonazepam made grow and be developed of extraordinary way our discipline.
From my point of view, this numerous contingent of clonazepam order online arrived from multiple fields of the human clonazepam order online on the human did, collectively, three great contributions to the communication:
In the first place they showed to us that the receivers (at the linear time, with Shannon and Weaver, we called destinies to them ) are never liabilities when they receive information of a source, an emitter or a transmitter (this last also reminiscence of the linear thing clonazepam 2mg our field by mentioned the Shannon and Weaver).
The psychology of clonazepam order online processing of information clonazepam order online the receivers, call generically in our field the argument of the selectivity, clonazepam order online to us that each receiver in each act of communication realises three very complex steps of processing of information: means or source of communication are exposed selectively to; it perceives selectively or it clonazepam order online the data that received from this means, and finally, it stores or to selectively memorise also this material in his mind. Although it is clonazepam order online that still doubts about why we expose ourselves selectively to the sources or mass media to which we went to inquire, the certain thing is that exist consensus clonazepam order online about which at least these three stages of selectivity exist to explain the nonpassivity of the receivers when they look for and they receive information of the environment.
The second great contribution of the models or dynamic explanations of the communication is what we could call the sociology of the also well-known reception like the argument of the conversation.
The argument of clonazepam order online conversation or sociology of the reception talks about the discovery, beside the point important, clonazepam 2mg the humans we are part of social networks which also influence and are active during the communication acts. That is to clonazepam order online the humans we did not live nor we acted isolate in society, and this includes and is valid for the communication acts.
The previous thing has been demonstrated in our field by means of many and very varied studies that include subjects like: governmental propaganda to go to fight to the battle front; motivation to identify itself with the people persuade who us fight the enemy or to change our attitude with respect to something or to somebody ; the influence of delayed minorities in the process to be decided by whom to vote in presidential elections; adoption of medicinal, agricultural innovations, in the fashion of dressing, of educative technologies, new power plants de for domestic use, and office automation; of groups to which it is wanted to change (temporarily) his nutritional habits to them or groups that collectively face a threat their own objectives, et cetera. Hundreds and thousands of investigations exist more likely that aim at the beginning of which the humans we talked (and we were related) with others: before, during and after consuming personal information of different sources or means or (human communication) or technological (social communication). And that this continuous one and continued conversation with our resemblances influences in the way in which we interpreted, used and generated (we ourself also) information in the society.
Peculiarly, one of the analysis schemes that better typify the effort to understand the effects of communication in the receivers is the call question of Harold Lasswell (Who says What to Whom through What channel whereupon effect) that published the same year (1948) that the book of Shannon and Weaver where they present his famous model. Interesting data: in our discipline the linear and dynamic conception arises almost simultaneously and coexists one next to the clonazepam order online by long time.
Perhaps there are some students of clonazepam order online communication who consider partly to linear Lasswell also. After all this question one concentrates in the interest of the emitter to evaluate from HIS point of view, the effect in the receiver. Although he is correct, the previous argument is insufficient to consider to Lasswell (1948) linear. Although by a very specific interest to perhaps look for its own benefit like source, in Lasswell we see one more a more sophisticated conception of the communication process. The technology does not emphasize clonazepam order online much (the means or channel is one of the several aspects of the clonazepam order online and the receiver appears already like a person (to Who? a destiny like in clonazepam order online and Weaver goes to the emitter not clonazepam order online and.
What definitively it is a fact it is that in this second stage of the communication, the dynamic conception goes from a mention of the receiver like person (Lasswell) to conceptions more outposts where the receivers not only process information and talk to each other but they use the information of many and very different ways implying a critical distance towards his source, does not present/display in dynamic explanations although not so sophisticated and even contestatarias of the capacity and the rights of information of the receiver.
Whatever little or much conceptual sophistication of clonazepam order online different online clonazepam or positions from the level of dynamic thought of the communication, the fact is that the receiver receives a special attention, and it even perceives in the Literature of this stage a necessity, perhaps unconscious and evening, to compensate by the asymmetry that the receivers suffer clonazepam order online respect to the power of the emitters in controlling the flow of information between both. This type of defense is still greater when the emitters also control the communication technology.
Nevertheless, in clonazepam order online of the importance of the arguments of selectivity and conversation, or the psychology and sociology of the reception in the dynamic conception of the communication, this one would clonazepam order online explained insufficiently if we did not include the element that not only theoretical but ideologically has marked several generations of signallers and comunicólogos (including the present author).
Memory that from clonazepam order online clonazepam order online to the conclusion of my studies as much of degree (in the clonazepam 2mg American University) like of doctorate (in the University of Stanford), was present a species of faith dogma that says if there is no feedback, does not occur the communication . This dogma still is part of the creed of the new professionals and young people colleagues of our field. I state it in each opportunity that I must to interact with them, with you, in conferences, academic courses and programs of executive training. If there is no feedback, there is no communication . Perhaps clonazepam order online brief phrase expresses the principle of greater consensus in our field of the human knowledge. Memory neither I cannot imagine to any theoretician of the communication, nor to any signaller practice either, who expresses his discord with this sentence, with this gold rule of the communication. All clonazepam order online and professional of our discipline take the conception of the feedback like prerequirement of the communication (effective) like a stamp that clonazepam order online our professional being, our task and our vocation. It clonazepam order online have, and in fact it exists, a great diversity of positions and ethical, clonazepam order online scientific, technical and even intuitive opinions about which it is or which are the best epistemological tools, to include/understand, to clonazepam order online would say some, the characteristics and the principles most clonazepam order online of the process of communication in their manifolds and varied manifestations. Nevertheless, I believe that besides a concept of central importance to understand the communication, the feedback constitutes a species of ideological heart (I clonazepam 2mg is of Collins and Porras, clonazepam order online ) of our professional community.
Then, clonazepam 2mg feedback, or the clonazepam 2mg of the receiver to reach with her to the emitter, are the ingredient that separates of dramatic way our dynamic thought of (previous) the linear one in communication. The second stage of our thought in communication not only is the recognition of the existence of a receiver (or several, clonazepam order online the case) to the other side of the process. Not even it is sufficient (although it is of cardinal importance I showed as it previously), of recognizing clonazepam order online capacities clonazepam order online of selectivity , psychology of the reception) and his cannot be waived gregarious state (argument of conversation , sociology of the reception). The dynamic conception typifies, and means a conceptual advance of first importance in our task, when incorporating to the feedback like prerequirement of the communication (effective). If there is no feedback, the communication clonazepam order online not exist.
Nevertheless, in spite of the recognized importance of the feedback like conceptual and ideological element of the process of communication and our professional vocation, respectively, the dynamic conception also has shown its limitations.
The necessity of a new conception of the process: The productive communication.
We remember the optimism clonazepam 2mg the era of increasing expectation ( rising expectations in its original expression in English) that finished in a era of increasing frustrations ( rising was of frustrations ). Many and very different authors, investigators and theoreticians of the communication looked for that the flows of information and the access to processes of communication with diverse aims (some politicians, clonazepam 2mg educative, informational ones and of formation of public opinion, technological, etc.) could democratise and to return more participating to the societies in order to alleviate great deficiencies, to remedy injustices and inequidades and to show (That) this is the contribution that the clonazepam order online communication can do to the economic and social development. Free and suitable information not only is a goal: it is also means to bring about the wished change of articles of incorporation. Without suitable and effective communication, the economic and social development would be clonazepam 2mg inevitably, and could be (even) counter-productive. With suitable and effective communication, the footpaths to the change can be facilitated and be used excessive respect ". (Schramm, 1964: ix, Preface). This declaration of principles of Wilbur Schramm in the beginning of the sixty, expressed the great desire to improve the condition of many beings, million of them, who lived and continue living preferably (although not of exclusive clonazepam order online in developing countries, third-world or as at the clonazepam order online it is called emergent market economies to us . Schramm expressed at that time explicit desire to improve the system (economic and social) through the communication. Others more, as the seventy, Sixties and inclusively, the eighty advanced, looked for applications in fields like the education through the television (May, Hornik and Mc Anany, 1976), online clonazepam modernization of the life farmer (Rogers and Svenning, 1973; originally published in English in 1969); and public campaigns with objectives so varied as clonazepam order online persuade to stop smoking, preventing cardiac diseases, clonazepam order online planning, wild fire diminution and political participation (Rice and Paisley, 1981). Nevertheless, and in spite clonazepam order online the contribution of this type from studies clonazepam order online a major and better knowledge of the communication process and its applications to lift the quality of life of many populations in this planet, finally we succumbed to the dejection and the critic of our theoretical conceptions to face this type of challenges (Sanchez Ruiz, 1986) and the persistent inequidad clonazepam order online the organization and control of the information clonazepam order online causes, simultaneously, that the communication is limited like one of the platforms to bring about changes and effective improvements in the society (Schiller, 1993, - originally published in English in 1989 -; Arredondo Ramirez and Sanchez Ruiz, 1986).
A clonazepam order online explanation would be of frustrations that turn out from the impossibility to bring about clonazepam order online changes in the systems (social mass media politicians, clonazepam order online educative, etc.) in which acts the communication like platform of clonazepam order online so that these systems achieve their objective of participating way (taking into account to the receivers), is that we required of the new planning of the own process of the communication.
In many of these studies clonazepam 2mg elements clonazepam order online sure that we have been able to identify like pertaining to clonazepam order online two previous stages of the communication: linear and dynamic. On the one hand, of the linear one factors like technology and quality of information were gotten up. From the dynamic conception it was taken into account the capacity and clonazepam 2mg from the receivers (psychology of the reception), and his material and social situation and conditions (including the cultural ones) of reception, besides several forms of feedback to evaluate the effectiveness of the communication process: opinion surveys; clonazepam order online to evaluate knowledge; measurements of adoption of the innovations; variation of effects with base in diverse experimental treatments, etc. It is not little the merit of all the baggage of knowledge produced by these efforts of communication. Nevertheless, the frustrations persist.
My conjecture is that we required of a clonazepam order online of communication that goes beyond clonazepam 2mg dynamic clonazepam order online (and, by all means, of the linear thing). Nevertheless, this new way to see the communication, and to apply clonazepam 2mg actually, must be built in the profits (I insist, very important) of the two previous stages.
I will call productive communication to this new form to conceive and to carry out the process of the communication.
In this third and new stage of the communication, the receiver and its feedback (or the evaluation that makes the source of the impact that had this one on its receiver), are the initiators of the process. That is to say, the process of the communication begins, in a second level or moment, with the feedback of the receiver to its source and this last one, along with first, working so that this feedback becomes a progressive change, innovation or improvement that transform the system (whichever it is this one) for benefit of both.
The productive communication, then, initiates where they left clonazepam order online models dynamic: the feedback. This feedback I insist, is the trigger of the innovation process, transformation and improvement of the system that must benefit so clonazepam order online to the receiver as to its emitter, and to the emitter as much as to its receiver. If, on the contrary, the progressive change, the innovation or transformation of the system that together looks for the emitter and the receiving one on the feedback of the second first, is not obtained, we clonazepam order online in the dynamic stage and we did not happen to the productive stage of the communication. Therefore, productive communication is the transformation online clonazepam improves of any system for benefit of all the parts that they integrate it clonazepam order online online clonazepam receiving) from feedback of public or public (joint of receivers) to own system (emitting or group of emitters that actúa/n like representante/s of the system because they have necessary the formal authority and the power that they credit therefore it), and of the empirical evidence available that the change conducted by and in the system it benefits to they integrate which it.
The systems like normative organizations.
In order to exactly understand the concept of productive communication it is important to introduce the explanation of normative organization . We will say, then, online clonazepam it is necessary that a system is handled like a normative organization so that the productive communication can exist.
A system (economic, governmental, enterprise, educative, technological, philanthropic politician, clonazepam order online cetera) is normative if it has clonazepam order online following elements: an ideological heart and a set of rules of the game that align their operation to this ideological heart.
The concept of normative organization I have worked it for some clonazepam order online to refer me to a stage in clonazepam order online organizational evolution of the companies. (Nosnik, 1994) Nevertheless, lately I have seen myself in the necessity to apply it to nonenterprise systems and for that reason attempt its application to the present context.
The concept of ideological clonazepam order online it volume of Collins and clonazepam order online 1994) who when studying extraordinary companies in its management and clonazepam order online identify in them a nuclear ideology ( Core ideology ) clonazepam order online serves as guide its operation. (The discovery of Collins and Porras draws attention to me by its remarkable similarity with the elements used by Lakatos to explain the structure of the scientific theories, which also contain, according to him, a nucleus of supposed or nuclear ideology. I applied the elements of Lakatos explained in his the methodology clonazepam order online scientific programs of investigation (1980) to clonazepam order online history of the investigation in social communication in Nosnik, 1991).
This nuclear ideology that I call ideological heart contains, according clonazepam order online clonazepam order online and Porras, clonazepam order online intention and the values that they define to the clonazepam order online and that this one looks for to fulfill. For its application to the case of all clonazepam order online of systems, I suggest this ideological heart is defined of the following way: first of all, and following Collins and Porras, like the intention of the system. Nevertheless, I clonazepam order online that this intention must contain not only the reason of being of the system but a brief proposal, general and clear of how this system is going to perfect (or to contribute to improve) the society of which it is part. This intention then combines in one two elements: mission and vision of future of the own system. Secondly, and also suguiendo to Collins and Porras, I recognize like clonazepam order online whom a very precise identification of the values is in the ideological heart of the system that this system identifies as it leaves from its vocation and will even live like convictions against the clonazepam order online that indicates the disfunctionality short term of those values.
A system that is handled concerning a normative organization not only defines the intention and the clonazepam order online of their ideological heart but clonazepam order online all the public who integrate this system. That is to say, the authorities responsible for the management of this system will act as emitting (it is) into the same and they inform to the other members of the system (that receivers or public act like of the same) about the content of this ideological heart so that these last ones (receiving, public) can demand of first (emitting, authorities responsible for the system): congruence, coherence and consistency.
Normative systems, rules of the game and comunicaciónproductiva.
This part clonazepam order online to my I online clonazepam dedicate clonazepam order online exhibition to show like the clonazepam order online systems (that is to say, that have the maturity of a normative organization) they promote and benefit mainly from the online clonazepam communication. Also I will try to show how the productive communication contributes to the maximum to a system online clonazepam this one is normative .
A normative system, clonazepam 2mg can be defined as: clonazepam 2mg one that discovers its ideological heart; it communicates all public (that is clonazepam order online say, to all the members of this system, besides the authorities of which they act like emitters); they impose rules of the game so that their management is congruent, coherent clonazepam order online clonazepam order online and allow (inclusively they set afire) their public to generate feedback and forms of evaluation and improvement to assure that the system is congruent, coherent and consistent with their ideological heart.
We will understand by congruence of the system the design that allows him that its operativity fulfills the ideological heart that he himself prevailed. That is to say, congruence is understood like the degree in that the operation agrees with the intention (mission and vision of the future) and the values explicitly mentioned in the ideological heart.
So that a system can be congruent requires to prevail formal rules clonazepam order online the game (and also informal) that generate a standardisation clonazepam order online the name of normative system or system there qua. normative organization) whom they prevent him to fail to fulfill with his ideological heart.
This standardisation has, among others elements: management policies; operative objectives and a ethics that must orient and sanction the decisions of the members of the system.
We will understand by organizational coherence the level of credibility (that clonazepam order online to say, of positive image) of the system clonazepam order online clonazepam order online public, derivative of the level of satisfaction of his clonazepam order online the public) needs of information with respect to the own system. That is to say, the coherence is the clonazepam order online of the communication online clonazepam the system generates with each of its public and the clonazepam order online of the credibility of these in the same, clonazepam order online this credibility as a whole (all the public to each other). Therefore, the coherence is the positive image that a system generates, one by one, with its public. The system image, then, is coherent (between the public) and positive as a result of the quality of the communicative management in this system. This communicative management, is understood, gone from very general processes as the corporative communication to clonazepam order online fundamental and unconscious processes as the value of sharing information for benefit of emitters and receivers that are in the base of any institutional culture that favors the communication in its sine. I have identified several other processes that are included in the communicative management of a system. (To see Nosnik, 1995).
In order to obtain the coherence in the management of any system it is important to identify principles that normen the communication that acts in this system. Here I mention three that in another occasion (Nosnik, 1990:46) I have called the three is of the organizational communication and that I redefine here like the three basic requirements of communication for any system
a) Principle of complete communication: the system cannot allow information flows that online clonazepam not truthful, and that are incompletos. By veracity it clonazepam order online be understood that the information clonazepam order online a factual content that, of being necessary, can verify its agreement with the reality. The complete information also must be complete, that is to say, must try to satisfy the needs or requirements that the receivers have of this (information) and that the system can provide. In addition, the veracity principle asks to the emitters that communicate to their receivers the uncertainty level that emitting sayings appreciate in the information which they communicate to such receivers.
Two exceptions exist to accept an incomplete information. First, it online clonazepam that the own system lacks the information that the receiver or public requires to him, and in case of being necessary, it can be verified that indeed the system lacks such information. And second, that this information is confidential.
By information confidential will understand to data set that transmitted with sense own through series of messages, that puts in danger some objective legitimate and been worth that looks for the system or, in the worse one of the circumstances, that a situation of generalized damage threatens the stability of the own system creating (as much for authorities or clonazepam order online as for public, the same). Nevertheless, passed the conjuncture or moment that it justifies to respect the confidentiality of the information, the system (the authorities, emitters) must show and convince to the receivers, public of the necessity and validity of this confidentiality. If the receivers, public are convinced by the system (authorities, emitters) were fulfilled the principle of integrity in the communication.
b) The principle of integral communication: clonazepam order online system must have a General clonazepam order online of Communication that: it identifies all the public that must serve with communication; it studies the needs of information of these public it satisfies and them with the online clonazepam that the principle of complete communication imposes.
c) Principle of communication integrated to the successful management of the system: the system must create material conditions (infrastructure) and online clonazepam labor climate (leadership) so that emitting (responsible authorities) and receivers (all the public) can collaborate to fulfill the ideological heart of the own system.
Finally, we will understand by consistency of the clonazepam order online the exemplary conduct (attitudes and institutional clonazepam order online that must exhibit so much emitting as receiving with respect clonazepam order online the fulfillment of the ideological heart of the clonazepam 2mg That clonazepam 2mg to say, consistency is the degree in which each member of the system, is emitting or receiving, it shows the will to fulfill the ideological heart in the scope of the system that has been called on to him to act.
Results and conclusions.
With the handled elements until now: communication levels (linear, dynamic and productive), normative system, ideological heart, congruence (with its rules of the game), coherence (with the principles of communication or basic requirements of communication) and online clonazepam (with the exemplary conduct of emitters and receivers) online clonazepam we are in better conditions to affirm than:
1. The communication that I identified in the present work like productive , yes is the online clonazepam of evolved communication more than at present we know: online clonazepam other level known communication (linear and/or dynamic) can secure or cause a type of clonazepam order online between emitters and receivers where clonazepam order online take responsibility and manage to transform the clonazepam 2mg for mutual benefit. In fact, if this last one is not obtained (mutual benefit with base in the changes of the system) we cannot speak of the third level of communication: productive communication.
2. In the next years, the investigators clonazepam order online the communication we will be occupied creating, discussing, criticizing and improving models and theories of productive communication that they can be applied to the human systems that more interest to us to study and to explain: personal, organizational, social, political, cultural systems, etc: If one accepts the definition and existence of the productive communication, surely the theoreticians and professionals (practitioners) of the communication, we will be looking for, first of all, to contribute to that the systems that interest to change to us and to improve first arrive immediately at their maturity like normative and, that the productive communication helps to consolidate the quality of the management of this system. That is to say, that the normative system fulfills its ideological heart having aligned its clonazepam order online in continuous and permanent cycles of renewed improvement.
3. Insofar as we pruned clonazepam order online typify and precision, the different evolutionary stages from the communication in detail (linear, dynamic and productive, and those that, possibly, they follow these), we will be in better position to progress of more effective in our knowledge and actually professional form of the communication in its multiple expressions and modalities: perhaps this conclusion is obvious but not less important. clonazepam order online the study of the evolution of the clonazepam order online in clonazepam order online it acts the communication like factor contributor for its change and improves, for its improvement, we will also find a frame clonazepam order online to include/understand and better to be useful to the own communication like the phenomenon around which we defined and we organized our discipline and profession.
4. The evolutionary theory and explanations will play a very important role in our theoretical task and professional in communication, clonazepam order online be able to include the nature of the human clonazepam order online that with models, theories, approaches, explanations, tools of productive communication we want to improve: for me this is clear when taking as example the influence that works like those of Lakatos in philosophy of science, and Collins and Porras in organization and managemental development (or organizational behavior, as it wants to see), they have had in our understanding of the human communication (personal and referred to few receivers in the process) and social (half-full by technology and referred to public and numerous hearings in the process).
Bibliographical references.
Arredondo Ramirez, Pablo and Enrique E. Sanchez Ruiz (1986) social Communication, to be able and democracy in Mexico, Guadalajara, Jalisco: University of Guadalajara. Return
Collins, James C. and Jerry I. Clubs (1994) Built to Last, Successful clonazepam order online of visionary companies, New York: HarperBusiness, HarperCollins Publishers. (There is translation to the Spanish: Companies that last, Editorial Norm, 1995). Return
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Lasswell, Harold (1948) The Structure and Function of clonazepam 2mg in clonazepam 2mg in Lyman Bryson (publisher) The Communication of Ideas, New York: For Institute Religious and Social Studies. (Reprinted in: Schramm, Wilbur and Donakd F. Roberts (editors) The Process and Effects of Mass Communication, Urban, Illinois: University of clonazepam 2mg Press, 1977). Return
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It curls, Ronald E. and William J. Paisley (1981) (publishers) Public Communication Campaigns, clonazepam 2mg Hills: Sage Publications. Return
Rogers, Everett M. and Lynne Svenning (1973) the modernization between the farmers, Mexico: Bottom of Economic Culture. Return
Sanchez Ruiz, Enrique. E. (1986) Réquiem by the modernization: Changing perspective in studies of the development, Notebooks of Scientific Diffusion, no. 7, Series: Communication, clonazepam order online and Society (III), Guadalajara, Jalisco: University of Guadalajara. Return
Schiller, clonazepam 2mg I. (1993) Culture, $.A., the Corporative clonazepam order online of the Public Expression, Guadalajara, Jalisco: University of Guadalajara, Training center of the Information and the Communication. Return
Schramm, Wilbur (1964) Average Mass and National clonazepam 2mg The Role of Information in the Developing Countries, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Return
Shannon, Claude E. and Warren Weaver (1948) The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Urban, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Return
