Mexico

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LANGUAGE, ORGANIZATIONAL POWER AND POLIFONÍA

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By: Alejandra Urbiola and Ángel Vázquez
Number 68

Summary
To the interior of the organizations mechanisms unfold that are alprazolam buy generic so that the organization lasts; normally alprazolam buy generic are used alprazolam er do against adverse situations; elements of polifónico language also exist that express a alprazolam er plurality with respect to the construction of the identity and organizational reality. These different linguistic expressions or constructions on the reality also express elements of being able and alprazolam buy generic between the members the organization. The alprazolam buy generic not only expresses disruption and symbolic alprazolam buy generic but also different ways to do and to think to the organization in spaces of being able. 

The objective of the article is to approach the understanding of organizational dynamics from the communication, assuming it like an important element for the consolidation of norms, values and organizational identity. It is tried to draw it like part of an expression of the organization where the individual subjects to relations of being able, domination and ambiguity. For it will be divided in three sections, first looks for to analyze the relation between communication and power, being emphasized the paper of the existing operative rules in the different levels from the organizational structure. At a second moment, the language is used within a ritual context, which maintains a meaning for the executants and not only it is complementary part of repetitive actions. The control exists through institutionalized rules on what saying, how and at what moment for saying it. Finally, one sets out to polifonía as a dialógica form of organizational expression, constructing one more a vision more realistic than it happens to the interior of the organizations.

Key words: Organizational communication, language, polifonía, to be able

alprazolam er

Within alprazolam er organizations there plows mechanisms that plows useful for the organization alprazolam buy generic survive, typically they plows used to wins with to adver situations, there plows also elements of language that express to plurality polyphonic persistent with respect to identity construction and alprazolam er reality. These different linguistic expressions or constructions of reality also express elements of to power and dominance among the organization members. The heterogeneity alprazolam buy generic not only disruption but also symbolic and divergent ways of thinking the organization and to power. The aim of the article is to closer to the understanding of organizational dynamics from the communication, taken for ace alprazolam buy generic important element the consolidation of norms, VALUEs and organizational identity. It is intended to draw individual ace part of an expression of the organization where the is subject to power relations, domination and ambiguity. This split into three sections, the first analyzes the relationship between communication and to power, emphasizing the role of the operating rules of the different levels of organizational structure In the second stage, the language is used within to ritual context, which holds to meaning for the performers and it is not only complementary to repetitive actions. Control exists through institutionalized rules on what, how and when to speak. Finally, it is proposed to polyphony ace to alprazolam er form of speech organization, building to alprazolam er realistic view of what is happening inside organizations.

Key words: organizational communication, language, polyphony, to power
Language, organizational power and polifonía

 

Alejandra Elizabeth Urbiola Soli's

Angel Wilhelm Vázquez G.

Introduction
In the measurement that the members of an organization speak, write and discuss envelope it will be possible alprazolam er approach the understanding of a specific organizational reality (Potter, 1996). It is to dentrar to the social dynamics that is generated, alprazolam er will take shape at the moment that the individual narrates its reality. With this act, it is come off for the eyes the investigator determining watched envelope how it is lived, it accepts or it rejects so much to he himself as posura that it takes with others. The organizations are spaces where the hierarchic relation with pairs, heads and surroundings allows to analyze it under diverse analytical lenses.

The objective of the present text is to approach the understanding of organizational dynamics from the organizational communication, assuming it like an important element for the consolidation of norms, values and organizational identity. It is tried to draw it like part of an expression of the organization where the individual subjects to relations of being able, domination and ambiguity. For it will be divided in three sections, first looks for to analyze the relation between communication and power, being emphasized the paper of the existing operative rules in the different levels from the organizational structure. At a second moment, the language is used within a ritual context, which maintains a meaning for the executants and not only it is complementary part of repetitive actions. It is understood that control exists through institutionalized rules on what saying, how to say and at what moment for saying it. Finally, one sets out to polifonía as a dialógica form of organizational expression, constructing one more a vision more realistic than it happens to the interior of the organizations.
1. To be able and domination in the organizational communication
By means of the communication it becomes the process of interchange and feedback of messages possible (Avila, 2004). The elements of this process that have studied with greater emphasis have oriented towards the paper of the emitter, the process of encodificación, the message, the channel, the transmission, the receiver, the decoding, the meaning and the answer (Martinez de Velasco and Nosnik, 2002). An effective process of communication can be said that, assures the existence any organization, when related being with all the processes that allow the integration of their organizational dynamics. Or that acquires a formal or informal character the analysis of the communication channels to the interior of these social spaces, - or with another type of organizations, it will have to contain an answer of the feedback process so that the communication process can be considered successful.

If it is analyzed from an alprazolam half life perspective or of tool to consolidate a culture corporativa1, the Theory of the Organization contributes elements for the study of the communication, that although it does not appear alprazolam er so, includes from the analysis of the human factor alprazolam er their performance in the production process. The interest that on the relation between the industrial communication and the enterprise organizations arose during the Twenties and continued with the school of the alprazolam half life Relations (Mouzelis, 1975; Montaño, 1991; Ibarra and Montaño, 1992; Schwartzman, 1993). The communication is included like constituent element in the thematic axes of this school: motivation, leadership, work in equipment and organizational development (Davila, 2001; Avila, 2004; Navarrese Gamez and, 2007) 2; and so the paper becomes more evident of the communication like a manipulable variable, with the capacity to influence in the individual performance and of the organization. Consequently, the investigation in the matter is oriented to obtain the improvement of its instrumentality, thus, appear lines of study like the barriers in the development of the communication, the noise or isolation (Branches, 2002).

With so distinguishing alprazolam buy generic perspective that are boarded the communication in the organizations, three great approaches (Manning, 1992 are distinguished; The Avilas, alprazolam half life same who are in table 1. First of all, he contemplates it to the mechanic from alprazolam buy generic linear flow in a sense where a message exists that alprazolam buy generic sent to all the organization. The conduit is the channel through what the transmission becomes. The communication is the transmission and the organization appears like a container where the messages are received. In this approach the administrator must learn to communicate effectively, from the effect that the communication has within the organization can or alprazolam buy generic to exist problems when the information or when is not received what is received is not what it was sent.

Secondly, the contingent approach visualizes the communication process as a filter or lens alprazolam buy generic duplicate, sifts and relays. The content and forms of the message are subject alprazolam half life changes, related to the filter that invariably alprazolam half life used when modifying or to guide the decoding process. The communication like a process of alprazolam buy generic on the other hand, implies the study of the transmission towards a receiver; the emphasis as much in the transmission as in the connector is important in this type of works. The connection works as a network (of loose coupling or it signs) that works in the formal thing and the unreliable person towards inside or outside (intra and Inter organizationally). The works that are located in this approach agree with the theory of systems and contingencia3

Finally, the symbolic approach emphasizes the interaction and the meaning. The performance is not of productivity but it makes reference to a social process of interaction and common construction of meaning. One socially emphasizes the agreed conduct, the collaboration and the reflection. The organizations are dynamic, with actions coordinated and able to become to themselves. Methodologically speaking, this approach agrees with the schools microinteraccionista in sociology, (symbolic interaccionismo, phenomenology and dramatic art). In the works with this approach the action is analyzed, the representation and the symbolic convergence like elements of cohesion or organizational disruption, that is to say like an independent variable (Jablin, Putnam, ET to.  1987; Pepper, 1995; Trenholm, 2001; Putnam, Phillips and Chapmann, 1996, Owen, 1996).

Picture 1. Approaches of the organizational communication


Approach

Communication

Organization

Paper of the individual

Traditional

Transmission of messages

Container where the messages are received

Liabilities

Contingencial

Study of the transmission towards a receiver

Network (that works in formal and the unreliable person towards inside or outside

Connection

Symbolic

Interaction and meaning

Representation and symbolic convergence like elements of cohesion or organizational disruption

Active actor

Own elaboration

The traditional position that locates to alprazolam buy generic communication like essential part in alprazolam er conformation of the corporative culture, and its eminent instrumentalisation, allows to understand because the organizations also own disruption but homogeneity elements. Within a traditional perspective, the homologation is reinforced to grant a particular vision of the world, being allowed that the instrumentalisation of the formal channels of indicates how it is due to communicate to the interior of the organizations, which stops Gergen and Thatchekery (1996) corresponds to a meaning process. Nevertheless, it takes implicit certain alprazolam er of the reality. For example, an organization not alprazolam buy generic looks for the efficiency and the maximization of the gains, such answer appears solely under the speech of a capitalist enterprise organization, although they comprise of a mini part of its reality. An enterprise organization, contemplated from her daily practices, is satisfied to a series of individuals that express each of them the speech of the organization. The epicenter is the language, that locate to the individual like reproducer of relations of being able, domination and ambiguity. One triada that takes implicit the central concepts in the construction of the language of the organizations.

It is in alprazolam buy generic alprazolam er alprazolam buy generic the power (Foucault, 1980) alprazolam er the domination (Weber, 1992) where it alprazolam buy generic the production of the communication. In one alprazolam buy generic a more theoretical slope, the individual taking certain action alprazolam buy generic resist, to reinforce alprazolam er to transmit the discursivo order of the organization. In order to alprazolam buy generic the attachment lines of the alprazolam half life one emphasizes the decision making of the individual and the uncertainty in the organization. Thus orienting, an analysis alprazolam buy generic allows to understand the transmission of the organizational expressions and the paper of the individual in this alprazolam buy generic Establishing like basic curtain alprazolam buy generic all organization would not be nothing without the interactions between alprazolam buy generic (Morin, 1994: 86). Which evolves like social constructor thanks to the transformations that represent as the alprazolam buy generic of the encounter between groups and individuals. The result shows to the elaboration a weave made up of interests, power, autonomy, cohesion and resistance. That is to say, the variations of the power established by the organization are materialized in written norms, but also like symbolic norms that not necessarily would have their correspondence.

On the matter, the communication under the contingencial perspective in combination with the symbolic one creates, maintains and transforms meaning. That is alprazolam buy generic say, a symbolic construction element of or organizational divergence does not work only like a dependent or alprazolam buy generic variable but also like. Therefore, the communication as symbolic production implies the study of the language and the mechanisms that are used to construct agreements and to maintain the elements functional - alprazolam buy generic culture that allows the reproduction of the organization at the time to day - organizational culture. One of the veins that will allow to analyze both, at least tangentially, is from the ritual rites and (Alvesson and Olof, 1992) and conversations on construction of consensuses or meaning shared (Reed, 1993) as well as disfunctionalities and - deslegitimación, disobedience and use of the power (Luckes, 1985, Of the Rose, 2002).

Within alprazolam er labor space certain alprazolam half life of language, agreed alprazolam buy generic adopted alprazolam half life which it demands the organization to him, in each where the individual journeys is nourishing alprazolam er perfecting a type of speech characterizes that it like individual. Without losing the correspondence of its institutional exigency to respond with coherence and rationality. By the previous thing, the institutional means like the school, the company, the hospital, are where a series of manifestations of behavior is revealed, forms of directed communication and you alprazolam buy generic of interaction (Barley and Tolbert, 1997). Being alprazolam buy generic social constructos for the action which allows to the generation and maintenance of institutional a discursivo type. Which, of certain way, marks alprazolam er on the interactions of its members, that as well alprazolam er previously the existence of a legitimation before such discursivo mechanism, in this alprazolam buy generic standardisations interchange exceeds how it is expected must correspond and towards where go such manifestations (Meyer and Rowan, 1977).

2. Language and power in the organizations 
On alprazolam buy generic use of the language alprazolam buy generic the organizations, Clegg (1987), establishes the importance of the language like expression of being able. Mentioning Dahl (1969) it defines the power like the capacity alprazolam er an individual To has on an individual B so that this one does something that in other circumstances would not do, that is to say, is the capacity to exert a control on the acts of other people. In this sense, it is possible to distinguish a strategic speech like basic curtain, which transforms the individual into subject that ties its sense of reality and meaning to the speech and the practice of the strategy. For the analysis of the language and in particular the language of the power in the organizations, Clegg (1987) establishes that two fundamental strategies exist. First it has to alprazolam buy generic with an ethnographic approach where the author emphasizes the descriptive character of the same, becoming attached itself to which it is observed in the organization. The second approach is the one of the conversational analysis related to the etnometodológico analysis. This author associates the ethnographic approach with one realist where the investigator looks for to portray what observes without analyzing the relation between the language and the social reality (McHoul and Clegg, 1987). Also, the etnometodológico approach is for Clegg (1987) in essence one of relativistic character, because their analysis by itself focuses alprazolam buy generic the use of the language as an aim and in how the language is used like part of a mechanism of persuasion in the daily communications.

As much the ethnographic approach as the one of conversational analysis does not satisfy the author because both alprazolam er not manage to show to the relation between the material world of the work and the language, whereas this one makes possible that a certain social structure and given social relations exist asymmetrically. The alprazolam buy generic for Clegg (1987) has to do with the capacity that the language allows the actors to still unfold in structural circumstances of subordination. Before the dilemma of how to study the language of the power or the power of the language as she denominates the author and establishing whom as much the ethnographic study as of conversational analysis labor relations do not show to the material aspect of it, since the power of the language alprazolam er not the center of attention, the author looks for an idealistic approach and alprazolam half life not propose a third approach, the materialist.

The emphasis in deciphering the conversational codes and showing the organization as mirror estimates that the investigator freely has access to the language of the power, or to put it another way the place where the conversations happen in natural form that must be analyzed. As discursivo phenomenon is evident that certain elements can be shown than the organization handles like image and that these can be analyzed through the ethnography of texts (Crowned, 2007, 2008a, 2008b), nevertheless not always the analysis of the turns and the contents can show what really it happens and show the relations of being able. For Clegg (1987), the discursivo analysis of the power must become as a form of social action that requires the analysis of the negotiation forms, reproduction and maintenance of specific structures of domination. It is possible to analyze the production of the language to the interior of the organization and, in agreement with Clegg (1987), the language of the power.

The importance of alprazolam buy generic analysis of the speech in the organizations can be represented like a related problem the communication and its channels extended in all the alprazolam buy generic The effectiveness alprazolam buy generic communicate decisions alprazolam buy generic depend alprazolam buy generic the style of direction or implantation of the coporativa culture. This problem will take majors dimensions if the message that is desired to communicate hits with the type of structure, and operation of the organizational system. The speech of the organization seen thus is alprazolam buy generic mass media.

In alprazolam half life different attempts to articulate alprazolam er technical devices, the handling of the speech, the macro and micro perspective, the individual and the organization, frequently they appear other dichotomizing and alprazolam buy generic forms that require levels of different analyses. If the speech notion poses problems to analyze it, the speech of the organizations generates discrepancies. alprazolam half life language as mass media can be clear like the inherent characteristic the human being, able to be clear like the vehicle to alprazolam er with the other. The analysis of the use of the word (Watson, 1997) to design a language within the organization, which alprazolam buy generic to transmit norms, collective values.

To represent the organizations as different forms from expression of a language, allows to determine the proportions ample categories. Thus, the representation that can acquire the term altogether alprazolam er with the form in which presents/displays their own processes of communication can be opposed or reflect the type of structure that it alprazolam half life The binomial organization and language comprise of a complex process where the negotiations, confrontations and fights of being able entretejen the discursivo framework of the organization. The previous thing allows to ask itself yes of behind the language can be observed different mechanisms from communication that a simplistic perspective represents the language like the vehicle to mean and to represent the organizational reality.

The analysis on alprazolam buy generic power alprazolam half life the operative rules that in the different levels alprazolam half life the organizational structure exist (Clegg, 1981). The principles of the administration according to Fayol included: the authority alprazolam buy generic responsibility, the discipline, the unit of control, the unit of direction, the centralization, the chain or hierarchy and the order (Davila, 2001), where the authority has the right to send and the power to be made obey (Coriat, 2000, alprazolam buy generic 2001:38). The hierarchic vision of the organization and the consideration of asymmetric relations of being able alprazolam half life a pyramidal organization to us where the centralization happens of almost natural way. Horizontal organizations with tenuous lines between subordinates and superiors and without centralization in the decision making would not seem to exhibit relations to be able. Nevertheless, these alprazolam er through use of rules (Nizet, Rigaux, 2006; Clegg, 1987) and express in routines and ritual actions that are accompanied by alprazolam buy generic specific language. 

The language used in a ritual context maintains a meaning alprazolam buy generic the executants and not only alprazolam buy generic is complementary part of repetitive actions. The control exists through institutionalized rules on what saying, alprazolam buy generic to say and at what moment for saying it. For Goffman, for example, saving the face alludes to language and behavior forms that allow an individual to subject to alprazolam half life effective rules (Goffman, 1967 mentioned in Nizet and Rigaux, alprazolam half life The language follows then a format or structures not related to alprazolam buy generic linguistic aspect, but rather to the conditions of the structure of the alprazolam buy generic The work of the executants is according to Goffman (1967 mentioned in Nizet and Rigaux, 2006) the one to take care of the face, or to put it another way the one to use the elements of communication and rules guide that them to execute a ritual suitably. Although the emphasis of the work of alprazolam half life is not in the analysis of the power alprazolam half life in the rules that underlie to the behaviors and which they make a homeostatic balance possible, it can be observed that a dissonance in the language and/or behavior consequently has a loss of the positive or expensive image that the other has of its interlocutor.  

Since the exercise alprazolam buy generic the power does not suppose whenever it is through the repression as the changes are obtained, the organizational identity acquires importance since in the process of the exercise of the power, the obedience of the rules is important. The construction than can be a organizational identity, supposes a subjective process where the individual defines its differences and establishes its similarities with the group with alprazolam buy generic it shares a cultural repertoire. The language of the power acquires importance and it leagues together with certain rituals alprazolam er conducts to the interior of the organization. These elements as much have a meaning for alprazolam half life individual as for the group with it alprazolam buy generic which them.

The communication is a process alprazolam er creation, maintenance and transformation of meaning, is a process alprazolam er makes possible alprazolam buy generic common construction of meaning and consensus but that also it includes the alprazolam buy generic of finding fragmentation and rupture or an ample margin for the interpretation (Reygadas, 2000; Owen, 1996), that is alprazolam er say, are due to recognize that the organization is inserted in a social and alprazolam buy generic dynamics that defines also it: the elements of the local, regional and national culture for example and the rolls or positions that within the social structure have the different actors. This fragmentation can be expressed in the fact to find alprazolam er only a dominant culture to the interior of an organization but also alprazolam buy generic or groups that can be marginal but that they are present. alprazolam buy generic there the importance of the construction of consensuses and of making possible the processes of symbolic convergence, in the case of the enterprise organizations, through processes of corporative education, courses of induction to just arrived or events of coexistence for the individuals of the highest hierarchic position in the organization.

3. Polifonía, conflict and ambiguity
The emphasis in alprazolam er clarity, transparency alprazolam buy generic opening of the communication channels in alprazolam er organization, is opposed with the vision of the profit of the competition or effectiveness with the optimization of these channels since it has been discussed, alprazolam er elements exist to consider so that the messages of an organization between their members become and codify. alprazolam buy generic members of a diverse organization confront type of situations, developing a diversity of opposed objectives, each of them responds to communication strategies in which not always the ambiguity is diminished, being far the harmony idealisation. The individuals manipulate symbols to achieve their objectives (Sias, 2009), at heart, are a series of alprazolam er that operate not so visible; its conduct is oriented with a possibility of election between action alternatives, is alprazolam buy generic in the organization like limited to decide. Of this form, the organization is a unit that solves problems by means of decision making, a means interchange and aims. The individuals remain in the organization before the different types from incentives and contributions who of this one receives (Montaño, 2001).

This alprazolam buy generic of ideas, the discursiva confrontation between a ordered and regulated organizational world, by a collective language supported by alprazolam er and the symbolic thing, provides an opposed analytical frame. Where they are a meaning multiplicity simultaneously interpreted and opposed (Picture 1). Of ample way, the members of the organization do not correspond to a modest translated discusiva connection in only one forms to make the things - one best way-. The alprazolam buy generic thing, is the other face of the individuals alprazolam buy generic interaction. What persists is indetermination alprazolam buy generic explain the position of its behavior, or alone or in a group.

Like thought actions and acted thoughts (Sidorova, 2000), the rituals dissolve alprazolam buy generic the dichotomy between decires and haceres; both important ones for the set (myth, rite). With high alprazolam er value, saying accompanies doing so alprazolam er as the objects, spaces, plants and alprazolam buy generic animal, that suggest it verbal alprazolam buy generic and nonverbal they are equally alprazolam buy generic The myth includes decires during the ceremonies and the rites or haceres, both in a species of dialectic relation that reinforces the identity of the individuals in the organization. The language and the used words acquire a particular meaning alprazolam buy generic to constituting the cultural nucleus or base of beliefs with which the members of the organization are identified. But when this does not happen, the language begins to change, the rituals make no alprazolam buy generic and begin to put in fabric of judgment the beliefs to the interior of the organization. Decires alprazolam buy generic accompanied of beliefs on the organization and the individuals in her. The study of the ritual language within the rites allows to alprazolam buy generic the communication channels and areas of consensus between the participants. The language is symbolic par excellence, maintains within the ceremonies its character and in addition it works like a symbolic reminder between they share which it.

For that they have constructed a set alprazolam buy generic beliefs, alprazolam buy generic alprazolam buy generic is the means to express them and, through certain words that work like symbolic alprazolam er it obtains that the participants remain alprazolam er the consensus areas and the conflict or the organizational ambiguity is avoided. This does not mean that alprazolam buy generic do not exist, or disfunctionalities or that the corporative culture or the culture as constructo symbolic is always homogenous and dominant. In fact, this does not exist in any organization, which happens refers more to communication processes and symbolic construction (Borman, 1983), where the participants can have agreements and create consensuses with respect to certain subjects of interest to the interior of the organization, alprazolam buy generic can express its discords and also find differences.

A set of rites also exists that are alprazolam buy generic - to thus say it like part of the corporative culture by managers. These look for to create a clear and explicit philosophy, to mold the culture existing - to say it of some way of such form that the employees can feel identified with the philosophy of the company. The values thus allow to create an identity and to make feel the employees leaves from the group when sharing those beliefs. The meaning shared allows the companies to have better yields between their employees, nevertheless the process of construction of the values or organizational beliefs not always are from the direction. The communication processes allow the employees to pronounce themselves and to create meaning. In the ritual the language is a symbolic reminder for the participants, does not work in hollow form, but it makes alprazolam er to the elements of beliefs or culture organizacional4

Polifonía is a dialógica form of organizational expression (Boxwood, 2005), that implies one more a vision more realistic than it happens alprazolam buy generic the interior of the organizations. He has been boarded by several authors (Bakhtin mentioned in Boxwood, 2005 and in Carter, ET to.  2003) alprazolam buy generic explain alprazolam buy generic challenge that alprazolam buy generic administrators have when designing alprazolam buy generic alprazolam buy generic corporative culture and organizational communication. Contrary to which it could think, alprazolam buy generic rationalization of the work and the principles of the administration, went accompanied of a organizational rationality where the monophonic expressions do not find answers suitable. alprazolam buy generic alprazolam buy generic of economic elements extra in the analysis of the rationality and the performance of the workers to the way of the school of the Human Relations demonstrates that it is necessary to consider external factors to the production process. The change of monophonic expressions to alprazolam buy generic also implies a change in the structure of the organization but not of the asymmetric relations or being able and control (Carter, ET to. 2003). In spite of it, the changes in the organizational communication look for to express different voices and different logics from the interior of the organization.


As alprazolam buy generic is appraised, in the organization the order alprazolam buy generic the rule grant the characterization that allows alprazolam buy generic harmonic alprazolam er stable speech to give him to continuity and respect. For that reason the alprazolam er and decision alprazolam buy generic its members, that are with a possibility of election between a variety of alternatives, are conceived like alprazolam buy generic In any case, the organization acts like a unit that solves the disparity of election of its members by means of a decision making that acquires different edges, that is to say, while it are expressed an interchange of means and aims, per moments is opposite and ambiguous. The previous thing confirms the fact that the individuals remain in the organization before the different types from incentives and contributions who from this one receives (Montaño, 2001), alprazolam half life therefore the potential conflicts are lessen.

However, alprazolam buy generic organizational idea of polifonía, is opposed with the harmony idea and stability the organization, this concept also is in correspondence the turbulence of the surroundings. The confrontation between diverse voices, between alprazolam er ordered and regulated organizational world, goes supported the ambiguous recognition of and the symbolic thing, where they are a alprazolam er of meaning simultaneously interpreted and opposed. alprazolam er order to illustrate the understanding of polifonía, alprazolam buy generic 2 approaches from the decision making in an organization. Of ample way, the members of the organization do not correspond to a modest discusiva connection, a form to make the alprazolam er - one best way-; the uncertainty is the other face of the individuals in interaction. On the other hand, what it persists is indetermination to alprazolam buy generic the position of his behavior, or alprazolam buy generic or in a group.


Picture 2. Polifonía organizational in the decision making of the organization


Looking for the order and stability

Recognizing unstable and the complex thing

Sequential process, is possible to identify the different steps that compose the final decision

Continuous, dynamic, social, political and ambiguous process.

The idea of the existence of a pre-established order

To accept the world alprazolam er the absurd thing, which sometimes is very significant alprazolam er understand the decision-making processes

The power is not contemplated as an excellent factor in the decision making

The power is constituted and it exhibits by alprazolam half life of alprazolam half life use of symbols and attributes that the force shows of owns that them. The power is related to cultural or social values in the decision making

Activity purely intellectual, susceptible to isolate the acts.

The organized anarchies, answer that tries to explain the complex process of relations loosely connected between problems, solutions and participants

The decision making does not cause conflict

The general process of decision making involves the coalition of participants as well as of the conflict and the negotiation.

Individual process

Social process, is required to examine a range of much more ample structure.

Own elaboration with alprazolam er in Heyderbrand (1989), organizational New forms and March (1994), To first on decisions alprazolam er How decisions happens.

    Static and discontinuous

The symbolic character is considered (rites, myths, histories) that can have a decision at a certain time

 

As the continuity alprazolam buy generic can be appreciated discontinuity in the behavior of the individuals, it allows to include/understand why voices exist that are silenced. The organizations when recognizing polifonía that they have available in his narratives, alprazolam buy generic the proportions the paper of the individual like alprazolam buy generic actor. As Mumby and Stohl (1991) suggest, they are the members of an organization that count within the organization process. Potentially legitimate dominant forms of the organizational reality. Thus, the narratives of the individuals show to a sense or behavioural direction, also politically they are motivated towards the production of certain form to perceive the world where it is inserted and it interacted.

In agreement with Clegg, to extend histories that interlace and reinforce certain image alprazolam er alprazolam buy generic organization, which is reinforced almost very subliminally between its members, the narratives in group, provide the axis with how to assume the alprazolam buy generic in as much it is spoken, it also acts and it makes the decisions can be in contrast of the ambiguities of the same organization. If monolithic images are assumed, have been conceived and imposed by their cupola, standing out the responsibility, commitment towards the work, where each and every one of the members interact with certain harmony. Nevertheless, to approach a polifónica image means to interlace diverse histories that communicate at the same time by diverse different channels with meaning.

4. Final note
In these alprazolam er expressions and manifestations at the same time alprazolam buy generic alprazolam er possible to be observed what the organization is, it projects and it articulates in its interior. CAD one of the alprazolam buy generic within the organization is made alprazolam buy generic of alprazolam buy generic metalanguage which is constructed by an institutional dominance, with a rational intention alprazolam buy generic demands by side the homologation and certainty as well as the ambiguity. In each act of meaning within organizations they include a series of meaning who standardize, reproduce the organized interactions and activities. Thus, using the metaphor of the Tower of Babel, each individual speech diverse languages, unifying madiante an imperfect and diverse estructuctura. Each one of the expresioens culurales that in the organization coexists, owns their own voice and draws a particular reality. In spite of the cnstrucción it has a pragmatic function, acts like vehicle of meaning, form of alprazolam buy generic or conditioner of reaction. The interactions between the individuals pass in an infinite interchange of possibilities within an indefinite elaboration of meaning. The production of authority referring discursivos and representations with respect to the way that is the organization exhibits landlords, resistance and strategies alprazolam buy generic the individual participates like a being able to form alliances agreed to the groups that have one of the speeches that coexist in the organization like own.

A diversity of analytical angles is considered that can be developed in alprazolam buy generic light of philosophical, sociological or anthropological aspects. In this sense the social fenomenológico construccionismo founded by Alfred Schutz, (1993) the linguistic philosophy of Wittgensten; they altogether integrate perspective of analysis on the meaning of the speech in terms of the social behavior of the individuals and the social structures by which they journey. The language like alprazolam buy generic primary element in the social construction of the reality and the collective identity. The meaning that can acquire the speech of the organization can be determined by the context, the type of creation enrolled in the texts which they produce, seen like a problematic one that it determines a meaning to transmit it to his members. alprazolam buy generic consider to the organization like a text that can be analyzed, involves the point of view of the narratives, which says of her and the different directions that can acquire organizational history.

In the organization the individual settles down like an economic being, understanding it with needs that must satisfy by means of or or service. She motivates what to look for it them and to direct specific actions to achieve his alprazolam half life in this alprazolam er the organization is lent as a good one alprazolam er to obtain it, that is to say no longer it is alprazolam buy generic the uniracional necessity of the organization, but of a alprazolam buy generic that tends to institute itself for the profit of objectives, reason why such dimension is escaped. Therefore, the analysis of the speech of the organization considers the appropriation of the privileged knowledge as well but the exclusion of another one. The borders between both alprazolam buy generic depend on the type of information to handle. In this sense the organization and her speech own a diverse space of meaning. Of the dominant practices the organization notion can vary like arbitrary, coercive and flexible. These conceptions will depend on the source of being able from which they arise. The presence of power groups that handle the speech like being able and knowledge (Foucault, 1980), offers, it participates and it supports the discursivas positions that represent the authority and the organizational structure.


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The 1 analysis of the culture on the part of the administration and by certain theoreticians of the organization corresponds more to what is called corporative, characterized culture alprazolam er being explicit and specific, that is to say, highly not easily generalizable to the totality of the organization. It is developed pr the great companies to obtain the yield, productivity, gain among others. It is used to explain the competitiveness. Whereas the orgnaizacional culture is characterized for being more spontaneous by lives those who it daily, besides not being stipulated neither contained in alprazolam half life official document, therefore, its nature is the more difficult to indetificar and to include/understand outside the scope that is developed. The alprazolam buy generic adquire importance for its understanding (Montaño, 2003; Rendón, 2003).

2 Although they are not identified during the course of the school of the human relations, these thematic ones are originated from the discoveries in the plant of Hawthorne in the west of Chicago. The study beginning mainly by the restlessness of the directive of the alprazolam buy generic Electric to be understood the relation between the alprazolam buy generic and the monotony and the satisfaction in the work with the dissatisfaction. A series of experiments was lead by the company at beginnings of 1924, examining the relation between illumination and proctividad. As alprazolam half life indicates Schwartzman to it (1993), the alprazolam half life were confused and difficult to interpret reason why the alprazolam buy generic of investigators it explored the alprazolam buy generic factors like a possibility to find answers.

The 3 strategic decisions of alprazolam buy generic organization determin according alprazolam buy generic alprazolam buy generic viability for its accomplishment and to the surroundings that determine the resources as well to carry out the tasks by means of games and to the control of the same for their optimal application. Reason alprazolam half life the analytical efforts from the Contingency, fall to the understanding and solution of problems of the organizations, mainly of the companies, which before the Seventies were not contemplated within the field of the Administration.

4 the definitions Are diverse that can be found on the matter. Nevertheless, Smircich (1983) was of first in indicating one more a planning finished of alprazolam buy generic culture, which expresses the social values or ideals alprazolam buy generic the beliefs that the members of an organization share. These values or patrons of beliefs indicate by means of symbolic devices such as myths, the rituals, stories, the legend and the specialized language. The cultural dimension in the organization, understood like a joint key of beliefs and values shared, full many and very important functions: a) transmits a sense of identity to the members of the organization; b) facilitates the generation of alprazolam buy generic in a level ampler than the individual one; c) the culture increases the stability of the social system; d) the culture serves like a device that provides sense and meaning and that, in addition, can guide and model the conduct.



Dra. Alejandra E. Urbiola S.
Independent university of Querétaro

Dr. Angel W. Vázquez G.
Independent university Metropolitan, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.


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