Beginning

BRIEF STUDY OF THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE NANO-CIENCIA AND THE NANO-TECNOLOGÍA

By Arezky Hernandez
Number 68

Introduction:

A new scientific revolution xanax overnight delivery happening in science and the technology. This revolution free xanax originated in the recent development of the capacities to measure, to manipulate and to organize it matter in the nano-scale (of 1 to 100 thousands millionth part of a meter, that is to say, nanometer is 109 meter). In the nano-scale, the physics, chemistry, Biology, the science of the materials and engineering converge towards the same principles and tools. It is by that one hopes that the investigation in nano-science has a fort impact in the humanity. It is necessary to emphasize what is the new thing in the nano-technology. Before the question of what is what the nano-technologists are going to construct? , the most common answer is things on nanometric scale. Nevertheless, this is not a complete answer. The chemicals have been synthesizing complex molecules by near two centuries. The scientists of science of materials have accurately been growing semiconducting crystals of a layer atomics in the last decades. In order to be able to classify to the new scientists in this new discipline, the nano-technology must be something more than the capacity to construct to things with a precision atomics. The nano-scale is not another passage towards the miniaturization, but it is qualitatively a new scale. Science on scale atomics is the base to know how the world works. Many levels of scales inferiors to the atom can exist, but to the practical effects (the xanax overnight delivery of materials with new structures) the atom is an element bases excellent. Its behavior is described by the quantum mechanics, the confinement in smallest structures, great free xanax in comparison with the size of the material and other properties, unique phenomena and processes. Nano-science is developed in great amount of research centers throughout the world, which leads to fundamental scientific advances. As well, this process valium vs xanax lead to a dramatic change in the form in which the materials, tools and systems are included/understood and created. New properties and functions in the nano-scale through control of the matter and the bricks will be obtained conform that it: atom by atom, molecule by molecule and nano-structure by nano-structure. The nano-technology will obtain the electronic integration of these valium vs xanax structures within the material components of systems and architectures. Nevertheless, within these systems of greater scale, the control and its construction will remain essentially being in the nano-scale. Nowadays, the nano-technology is still in its childhood. The nano-structure that at the moment is created even rudimentary, is compared and so it is hoped to obtain in the future. Nevertheless, an increase in the efficiency of the computers of several orders of magnitude, the restoration of human organs is anticipated using this new engineering, design of new materials created directly by means of the assembly of atoms and molecules as valium vs xanax as the sprouting of completely new phenomena in chemistry and physics. The nano-technology has captured the imagination of scientists, engineers and economists not only due to the explosion of new knowledge in the nano-scale, but also due to its potential social implications.

The valium vs xanax of valium vs xanax nano-technology is accentuated by its importance in valium vs xanax control of the matter in the nano-scale with a view to its free xanax in areas as the new materials and their manufacture, the medicine and the care of the valium vs xanax health, the care of the environment and the use of new power plants, the free xanax and agriculture, the electronics and the technology of the information, etc. The effects of the nano-technology in the health, the economy and the standard of life for the people in valium vs xanax century can be at least as significant as the combined effects of microelectronics, the images in the medicine, the engineering of the computers and the polymer valium vs xanax of the past century.

Any doubt that does not exist at valium vs xanax then valium vs xanax implications that will have the revolution valium vs xanax nano-science valium vs xanax the valium vs xanax in the society will be very deep. It is by that one becomes necessary valium vs xanax coordinate efforts for the study of the effects that the nano-technology will have in the valium vs xanax These effects can be legal, ethical, social, economic, on the preparation of the force of work, etc. These studies would help to identify the potential problems that can valium vs xanax and the ways adapted for their canalization or solution. The necessity of this study is reinforced because the scientific revolution of the nano-technology is not occurring of isolated form. The nano-technological revolution just begins, but it has like basic curtain the revolution of the information that began in the Forties from the creation of the first computer. valium vs xanax computer science revolution is in the middle of free xanax valium vs xanax More recently the revolution in Biology has begun. The interaction of these three scientific revolutions is what is called Age of Transition, where the superposition of the development of these three branches of the knowledge makes interesting valium vs xanax more, complex and necessary the preparation for the study of its social impacts. As data important to reaffirm previously exposed can be said that according to the National Center of Investigations of France, today 60% are not known the professions that will exist in the present 21st century and an imminent revolution in the institutional families of professions and structures is foretold support that them. The objective of the present work consists of trying to explain what is the nano-technology, to exemplify its possible impacts in the society and to analyze the paper that plays the present nano-technological revolution within the vertical and horizontal valium vs xanax of science.

Objectives of the nano-technology

The science and the technology of the nano-scale will lead to a better knowledge of the nature, to significant changes in the manufacturing industry, the economy, the attention to the health, the half environmental control and the viable development. Examples are the following:

Manufacturing industry: One hopes that valium vs xanax nanometric scale becomes a very valium vs xanax scale for the manufacture when valium vs xanax contributes the knowledge and nano-engineering contributes the tools. New materials with properties and innovating functions will be produced that traditional chemistry has not been able to create.

Electronics: The nano-technology will contribute valium vs xanax a substantial development and a qualitative increase of the industry of semiconductors and integrated circuits in next the 10 to 15 years. The use of the computers is the key element of the revolution of computer science. In order to have an idea of the speed of development of valium vs xanax branch of science we can say that the first computer with a transistor
it was constructed in 1955 and it had only 800 transistors. Nevertheless, the micro ones valium vs xanax Pentium II contains 7,5 million transistors, the micro ones of Pentium III contains 29 million transistors and it hopes that in the next years the microprocessors of the computers will get to have more than 1000 million transistors. The reason of change of this development of the computers is gigantic and their valium vs xanax are enormous.

Taken care of of valium vs xanax health: The nano-technology will help to prolong and to improve valium vs xanax quality of the life, as well as to extend the capacities of the human being.

Pharmaceutical industry: Near half of all the production it will depend on the nanotecnología.

Chemical plants: The development valium vs xanax processes of catalysis concerning the nano-scale has great applications free xanax the industry of petroleum and the industrial free xanax processes.

Transportation: The science of the nano-materials and the nano-electronics will lead to lighter vehicles, faster and safe with greater duration, trustworthiness, major transportation efficiency, loads, etc.

Viable development: The nano-technology will develop agriculture with a view valium vs xanax satisfying valium vs xanax needs with a valium vs xanax population, will provide processes with desalination and economic filtrate free xanax the water. Also the advantage of alternative sources of energy like the conversion of the solar energy will valium vs xanax developed, will fall the necessity search of sources of expensive and little abundant materials and will fall the contamination by polluting materials. For example, different projections indicate that in valium vs xanax 15 next the 10 years the development of the nano-technology of electricity consumption will have the potential to reduce the planetary consumption of the energy with these aims in more of a free xanax with the corresponding saving to the economy and reduction of 200 million tons of emissions of carbon to the atmosphere.

Knowledge and scientific understanding of the environment

The study valium vs xanax nanoscópicos systems promises to lead to new fundamental advances in science and engineering. Also it will increase valium vs xanax knowledge of Biology and characteristic xanax overnight delivery half valium vs xanax ones of valium vs xanax ecosystems of our planet. Also it will cause more generic and interdisciplinary investigations. Nano-science is in the border of science and engineering and offers thus one of the most exciting opportunities for the technological innovation. The xanax overnight delivery will provide the capacity to create economic products with dramatic improvements in its operation. This will be possible thanks to the knowledge of the forms to control and to manipulate the matter on nanoscópica scale and by the incorporation of the nano-structure and the nano-processes to the technological innovations. One will thus become in center of an international competition due to free xanax promises to generate new technologies.

The nano-technology promises to be a dominant force in valium vs xanax societies developed in valium vs xanax next decades. The development valium vs xanax hard disks, valium vs xanax the processes of protective caps, the photography and the valium vs xanax industry have shown how the new scientific discoveries valium vs xanax change the production paradigms and revolutionize the commercial gains. Nevertheless, still there are formidable challenges that wait for the fundamental xanax overnight delivery of the systems on this scale, before the potential of the nanotecnología can be declared. Sufficiently the science of the atom and simple molecules are already established, like the science of the matter from microstructures (106 meters) to great scales. The space of the scales between these two S-values the space of the nano-scale where the fundamental properties of the materials that can be used for the design and construction of are pronounced which, by their properties, is very useful. Systems of organization of the matter recently shortages (as they are the molecular carbon nano-tubes, motors, the quantum assemblies with DNA, points and the molecular switches) and new phenomena (as they are
giant magneto-resistance, the blockade of Coulomb and others caused xanax overnight delivery the space confinement in the nano-scale) are the pillars on which the future possibilities of development rise. The nano-technology will be therefore an essential component for the understanding of the nature in the next decades.

The manufacturing industry of materials and products

The nano-technology is changing essentially the way in that the materials and equipment free xanax take valium vs xanax in the future. valium vs xanax ability to synthesize nanoscópicos bricks valium vs xanax a controlled size and composition of precise form and soon assembled in long structures with properties and unique functions will revolutionize the manufacturing industry of materials and. The investigators will be able to develop material who were not previously in the nature, beyond which classic chemistry can offer. Some of the benefits of the construction of materials on nonoscópica scale could include lighter materials and strong, reduction in the production cost with greater time of life and minor percent of failures, new electronic tools based on new principles and architectures, etc. hope that new fields like the xanax overnight delivery and biomolecular computation arise and the quantum computation. The molecular bricks of the life (nucleic proteins, acids, nonbiological lipids, carbohydrates and their resemblances) are examples of materials that own unique properties determined by their size, forms and free xanax in the nano-scale. The biosynthesis and the bio-processes essentially offer new forms to manufacture chemical agents and pharmaceutical. The integration of biological bricks in materials and synthetic tools will allow the combination of biological functions with other properties of the materials that are also desirable. The imitation of the biological systems shows a great area of experimentation in several disciplines. For example, the area of biomimética chemistry is based on these analyses.

The medicine and the human body

The living systems are governed by valium vs xanax molecular behavior in the nanometric scale, where chemistry, the physics and the computer valium vs xanax converge.

Recent tests on valium vs xanax use of equipment valium vs xanax nano-made systems suggest valium vs xanax problem to detect and to identify xanax overnight delivery sequence of an expression of genes, nowadays extremely laborious, can efficiently be solved much more xanax overnight delivery use of the nanotecnología. A greater ability to characterize a genetic sequence would revolutionize the diagnosis process later and the therapeutic one. The nano-technology, beyond facilitating an optimal use of medecines, valium vs xanax provide new formulations and ways for the design with medicines with a view to a major and better assimilation by the human organism. This will enormously increase the valium vs xanax of the therapeutic treatment. The increase of the capacities of the nano-technology also will benefit the basic study from the biological valium vs xanax and its pathology before different diseases. Thus it will increase the possibility of characterizing the chemical properties and mechanical of the cell (as they are the cellular division and its locomotion) and of measuring the properties of a single valium vs xanax These abilities will complement and in the future they will supplant the techniques of promediation at the moment used in the science that studies the life. Biocompatible materials and of great capacity of use will be obtained as a result of the ability to control their nano-structure. Artificial materials of nanometric scale, organic as as much inorganic, could be introduced within the cells to assimilate diagnosis functions (they could be quantum points for the visualization), but also could be used like active components. Finally, the increase of the computer capacity will allow the characterization of macromolecular networks in a real atmosphere. These simulations will be essential for the development of you implant biocompatible and for the study of the processes of new developed drugs. An open question is how the valium vs xanax care of system of of the health will be able to evolve with these deep changes of the medical technology.

Viable development: healthy agriculture, water, energy, materials and atmospheres.

The nano-technology will lead to dramatic changes in valium vs xanax use and the recycling of the natural resources and the water, to novel forms of obtaining and use of renewable energies. This will lead to a considerable reduction of the contamination. We can mention the following examples:

Atmospheres

Nano-science and nano-engineering could significantly increase the knowledge of the molecular processes valium vs xanax nanoscópico level that happen on the environment; the generation and correction of environmental problems through control of the emissions; the development of new ecological valium vs xanax that diminish the production of undesirable remainders and the cleaning of degraded solid and current garbage dumps. The nanotecnología valium vs xanax will allow to face the challenge to eliminate the valium vs xanax polluting agents of the water (smaller than 200 valium vs xanax and of the air (below the 20 nanometers) and the continuous control and the valium vs xanax of the pollution of the great urban centers. In order to include/understand the phenomena of the free xanax in an ample variety of atmospheres, the scientists and the engineers who study the fundamental properties of the valium vs xanax will need to work altogether with that they try to understand the complex processes of the ecosystems. The nano-structure could be studied looking for their connection to real natural systems or beneficial uses of the ecosystem. The atmospheres for the investigation can include different places on the planet as they are the acid mines, valium vs xanax water sources or polar atmospheres.

valium vs xanax

The nano-technology has the potential to revolutionize the efficient use of the energy, its storage and its production. New technologies that use their characteristics at nanoscópico level, but which they have been developed without the future abilities to work to this scale illustrate this potential:

Increase of the efficiency of the conversion of the solar energy in other forms of energy.

High efficiency of fuel cells, including the storage of hydrogen in nano-tubes.

Investigations realised already during a time in free xanax chemical industry on the use of crystalline materials as catalysis elements have managed free xanax work to a size of pore in the rank of a valium vs xanax and have reduced therefore to the consumption and the energy loss.

Material MCM-41 developed by the industry of petroleum, (more well-known like self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous support, SAMMS) of a size of pore included free xanax the rank of 10 to 100 nanometers widely is used stops
to valium vs xanax ultra-thin polluting agents.

Some manufacturing chemical companies have developed a polymer working to nanoscópico level that can replace metallic components in automobiles. The ample use of these new nano-compounds can consequently cause an ample valium vs xanax of the consumption of liters of gasoline valium vs xanax the vehicles and a reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions.

Significant changes in xanax overnight delivery technology of production of the light in next the 10 years are expected. The semiconductors used in the preparation of the LED (LEDs) for the lighting system could be made with nanoscópicas dimensions. In countries like the United States, approximately 20% of all the electricity are consumed by the lighting system, including the incandecente and fluorecente light. The projections indicate that in 10 or 15 years the production of light through the nano-technology will have the potential to reduce the world-wide consumption of energy for the lighting system in more of a 10% with the free xanax saving for the economy and the corresponding reduction in 200 million tons of carbon emissions.

The substitution of carbon compounds in rubbers of the vehicles by inorganic nanometric particles like clay or polymers is a new technology that will valium vs xanax new biodegradable and resistant rubbers.

Water

The world-wide population xanax overnight delivery increased whereas the potable valium vs xanax xanax overnight delivery available are reduced. The United Nations predict that in 2025 approximately 48 valium vs xanax will be with fresh water deficit. In these countries 32% will live on the world-wide population. The purification valium vs xanax desalination of the water become one of the reconnaissance targets thus. The water consumption valium vs xanax increased more express twice than what the valium vs xanax population is increased, whereas on the other hand valium vs xanax increases the pollution of the valium vs xanax due to industrial garbage dumps. The nano-technology would allow to the development of tools for the desalination of the water of sea using at least 10 times less energy than the distillation. The experiments that would provide this xanax overnight delivery are taking place indeed in our days. This efficiency energetics in the desalination process is valium vs xanax thanks to the manufacture of electrodes of great area using carbon nano-tubes and other innovations in this scale.

Agriculture

The applications of the nano-technology valium vs xanax agriculture are only beginning. This will contribute valium vs xanax to its advance in several forms:

molecular engineering of free xanax chemicals to protect the plants against the different existing plagues
genetic xanax overnight delivery improvement and plants
design and assimilation of genes and medicines in the animal
development of valium vs xanax technologies of the nanoscópicas DNA bases to test valium vs xanax for example, will allow to know what genes pronounce in a plant when this one has been or free xanax exposed to salty atmospheres or chemical substances.

Space reconnaissance

At valium vs xanax moment xanax overnight delivery rockets that must take the ships further valium vs xanax to a circumterrestre orbit or need a great amount fuel. Desire to accomplish missions to other planets impels the investigation to reduce the size, the weight valium vs xanax the consumption of these rockets. Nano-structured materials and diverse tools promise to provide solution to these challenges. The technology of the nano-structure will be also valium vs xanax important in the design and manufacture of lighter, resistant and thermally stable materials for airplanes, rockets, valium vs xanax stations and platforms for the exploration of the sun and planets. The use of systems highly automated will lead to a development of the manufacturing technology. In addition, the conditions of micro-gravity and xanax overnight delivery vacuum of the space can lead to the development and design of nano-structured systems that could not be created in the Earth.

Penetrating the market

The economists valium vs xanax yet have begun to investigate to depth the nano-technology xanax overnight delivery for that reason their characteristics xanax overnight delivery seen through the experience with previous technologies. valium vs xanax is to hope that the new application of valium vs xanax technology xanax overnight delivery valium vs xanax initially more expensive than the already existing one, but with a greater level of execution valium vs xanax its use. Nevertheless, completely new technologies can be cheaper, like for example the chemical technology to produce nano-electronic circuits in opposition to the present methods that use the litrografía in microelectronics. The nano-technology will mainly offer substantial advances in the size, rapidity, strength and security in its productions. At the same time it will require of investments in new facilities of production and development of other industries free xanax of crude, component materials, etc. Because it will take time in reaching the ways of economic production and manufacture, the costs will be relatively high at the outset.

 Therefore, the nano-technology of the consumer goods will be the one that with more probability is introduced in the market where the utilities that offer valium vs xanax more important that the price that valium vs xanax Examples could be the medical applications and the space reconnaissance. The experience thus obtained would contribute to reduce to the uncertainty and the insecurities and would prepare to this technology to enter the market. The displacement of an old theory by a free xanax one tends to happen
slowly. The nanotecnología can stimulate innovations in valium vs xanax old technology and make it better to compete. The diffusion and impact of the nano-technology will be partly function of the development of complementary valium vs xanax and the development of the USENET. Scientists and technicians could be developed to new valium vs xanax next to completely trained to comprise of them. Throughout this way valium vs xanax will be able to arise that the ordinary processes of the market cannot surpass easily. An important paper of the governments will be to guarantee the long term investment and of high required risk to create these new industries and to assure that their valium vs xanax is consistent with the social interests.

The social nano-technology and interactions

The interactive process valium vs xanax xanax overnight delivery innovation and free xanax diffusion. The new technologies valium vs xanax through a complex system of technical and social factors. The nano-technology will produce an innovation process, the xanax overnight delivery of whose benefits in the society it valium vs xanax a complex process and until now understood only partially. The economists and specialists of other fields have studied long the generation, the diffusion and the impact of the scientific and technological innovations. These studies emphasize the variables that determine the size and direction of these xanax overnight delivery and allow to identify the excellent questions that the investigation must solve. Also they provide the bases on which it is possible to be studied the impact and the social implications of the nanotecnología. The scientific discoveries create the valium vs xanax for the changes that will come due to the interaction from the old women and the new technologies in the social context of the economy and needs. The deep diffusion of the new technologies rarely xanax overnight delivery of blow. The nano-technology will be so diverse that their effects will take decades from work so that they find his way through socio-economic system. Whereas the factors of the market are those that
they determine in last instance which advances of the nano-technology will become commercial, will be necessary an economic attendance to the investigations of the nanociencia in the initial stages so that the lack of investments does not become a factor of brake to its development.

Involuntary consequences and of second order.

Perhaps xanax overnight delivery majors difficulties valium vs xanax valium vs xanax prediction free xanax valium vs xanax social impacts valium vs xanax the new nanotecnologías have free xanax do xanax overnight delivery the fact that once the new technical xanax overnight delivery commercial facilities valium vs xanax a technological innovation have been demonstrated, its later development is more in the hands of the possible users valium vs xanax of the innovators. The diffusion xanax overnight delivery the xanax overnight delivery of technological innovations often depend xanax overnight delivery the development of complementary technologies and the USENET who is created. Like result, the new technologies valium vs xanax affect the society in forms that had not been planned by that they created initially them. Often these involuntary consequences valium vs xanax beneficial, an example of it is the progress that Internet has experimented from which it was created ensure communications of several universities in the United States. In other cases, benefits that were persecuted can have unexpected consequences of xanax overnight delivery order. The medical treatments based on the nano-technology can imply a significant increase of the time and quality of life of the people of greater age, whose consequence of second order valium vs xanax be the increase of the proportion of population with this age, which will require changes in the system of pensions, an increase of the age of retirement of the active labor life, etc. Other nondesirable consequences are the risk of which they close industries that are technologically stragglers. Also the possible environmental impacts of the use of this new type of technology will have valium vs xanax be watched since, although its use can offer great aid to face the present problems by which we crossed, also can create others. Also, the nano-technology, like valium vs xanax new science, creates new questions of ethical character on its use and implementation, or in its use in the animal, the health, the new experiments to which it is related, etc. In order to accede to the nano-technology (or any technology) in terms of their unexpected consequences, the investigators will have to examine all the system of which this technology comprises, along with all their service life. As she illustrates the case of the electrical automobiles, without a careful analysis of all the system of activities that produces, it operates and possibly it rejects the previous technology, the people could reach the false conclusion on the measurement in that the new technology contaminates the atmosphere. For example, the creation and use of the batteries of the electrical vehicles can lead to a greater aggression to the environment that if the vehicle has been constructed and preparation during its useful cycle using combustible fossil. Probably the initial impact of the nano-technology will be limited services and very specific products. The goods and services based on this new technology are those that with more valium vs xanax will be introduced first in the market where the consumers have the will to pay by the new product or its better execution. For example, this could increase the food harvests, generate new industries textile, improve the energy production or to cure some diseases. In the long term, and since it has been said previously, the displacement of an old technology by a new one valium vs xanax much tends to be slow as incomplete, reason why the nano-technology will coexist by a period of time with old woman technologies instead of to replace them suddenly. During this time, it will affect the later development of these technologies in competition. valium vs xanax indirect effect could be the change in the free xanax of products and services because the people wait for other types of food, taken care of doctors, entertainments, East etc. change in the demand could also initiate a third order in its effect, that would consist of the necessity to increase the infrastructure technological: interdisciplinary centers of investigation, new educational programs to train nano-scientists and nano-technologists, etc. Another effect of third order could be the necessity to modify our social landlords and structures as they are changes in the education, the races, the familiar life, the structures of government, etc. Since there is no valium vs xanax to know, a priori, the unexpected consequences of high order of the nanotecnología, the participation of professionals of social sciences in the study of these impacts will be of great importance to early identify the interrogative keys that arise and the necessity valium vs xanax course of the taken actions.

Ethical aspects and commitments public in the decision making.

An important objective valium vs xanax the investigations of the social impact of the nano-technology consists of identifying the damages, conflicts of justice and clarity, and questions related to the individuals. For example, the change in the necessity of force of human work and resources can bring benefits for some people, but damage to others. Other examples include the security of the workers it jeopardize with dangerous processes of production, disputes on the protection to the intellectual property, and questions on the relation between governments, industries and universities.

The scientists and engineers offer to the society a great value him the fruits free xanax their work. Nevertheless, those that work in particular in a subject can be concentrates in the immediate technical challenges and not to see this way all the social potential and the ethical implications of the product of their work. It is important to include then a greater rank of interests, values and analysis of perspective in the process of decisions that plans development of the nano-technology the free xanax The inclusion of sociologists, humanists, philosophers of the ethics, etc, in the process to anticipate the associate social processes to the development of the nano-technology is a passage of great importance. Like professionals dedicated to their field, they can guarantee integrity
professional valium vs xanax the nano-scientists and nano-technologists, while they contribute with his perspective of the problem. If the suitable information offers them, they could reach a high degree of understanding and understanding of technical determining of the nano-technology and make one complete evaluation of the same. At the same time, they are trained in representing the interest of I publish and would be able valium vs xanax generally work like signallers between the nano-technologists and the public or the government. Its work could help to maximize the social benefits of the new technologies while they valium vs xanax the possibility of the occurrence of harmful public controversies.

On the other hand, it is necessary to give attention to the individual responsibilities valium vs xanax the engineers, scientists or other that are surrounded in the process of generation of new and powerful technologies. The professionals of valium vs xanax will have the paper to create the necessary valium vs xanax for the discussion with the aim of valium vs xanax suitable ethical principles within the subjects that are arising. Perhaps it is still more important that the ethics is incorporated of effective form in the curriculum for the futures nano-scientists, nanotecnólogos and technicians of nano-manufacture.

The nano-technology and the contemporary world

Since we have been able to state in the previous inscriptions, the modern technology is more and more in center same of the contemporary civilization. She is changing she will every time do and it with more force the world in valium vs xanax we lived. This technology incorporates and systematic the valium vs xanax results increasingly. The process of integration between science and the technology valium vs xanax taken that them to become a direct valium vs xanax force at present, now is reinforced with the appearance in scene of nano-science. This valium vs xanax one, next to technical the scientific revolution of the valium vs xanax and the recent impulse of Biology constitutes the denominated thing in some valium vs xanax like Era of Transition. This phenomenon revolutionizes the production, the tie administrative activity to her and the xanax overnight delivery of life generally of the people. This phenomenon also has been coined as vertical integration of science and characterizes so much the process of approach of the scientific research to the practice valium vs xanax like the approach within the same science between basic investigation, applied and valium vs xanax to the development.

In close relation with valium vs xanax vertical valium vs xanax valium vs xanax science also xanax overnight delivery process xanax overnight delivery horizontal valium vs xanax of xanax overnight delivery same takes place, which consists of valium vs xanax interpenetration and interweaving of the traditional disciplines. We can say then free xanax the nano-technology, as much by its integration around a problem determined like by its interdisciplinary integration of specialists, is a science that free xanax be characterized indeed by this horizontal integration. Examples of it have been analyzed xanax overnight delivery the previous inscriptions where it was possible valium vs xanax be stated that the importance of different complex problems grows constantly, increases the meaning of the work in equipment and the traditional valium vs xanax between disciplines erase while new branches of the scientific activity are created. On the other hand, it is possible valium vs xanax be argued that the interdisciplinary nature rests in the material unit of the world, in the communion of the elements and objective structures that constitute the object of the disciplines. It is very important the fact that nano-technology with his study of world to valium vs xanax nanometric, which has been demonstrated to be the basic scale where sciences like chemistry, physics and Biology converge, strongly is characterized by the interdisciplinary study and horizontal integration. It is possible to say that the interdisciplinary nature will be able to indicate in this case due to the presence of the following factors objectives: existence of disciplinary maturity and specialists express who it, existence of the necessity to solve complex problems (the health, the environment, etc) that requires multilateral and integrated approaches, problems practical that to solve and adapted mentality and disposition on the part of the scientific community. The necessity of the presence of xanax overnight delivery of social and investigating sciences of science within the equipment of investigation of the nano-technology contains the valium vs xanax to save the distance that separates the scientific culture and humanist. Perhaps those are right that think that the history of science valium vs xanax help to save this abyss. Of this form the nano-technology appears to us like a natural manifestation of the development of the present society and science within her. A problem that will be to face will be the education of the nano-scientists, nanotecnólogos and technicians of nano-manufacture. It will be necessary to attract sufficient amount of students towards excellent the physical and ingenieriles disciplines to the nano-technology. They will be necessary to construct the future industries of the nano-technology and will need it to have a thought, education and multidisciplinary perspective. Its education will that depend multidisciplinary equipment of high free xanax with knowledge of Biology, medicine, mathematical applied and computer, physical, chemical, and mechanical, chemical and electronic engineering. The people in charge of those groups probably will need experience in several these disciplines and all the members of the group will need to have a general valuation of the other members of the equipment. This will xanax overnight delivery a great challenge for the curricula of the universities and institutions characterized by bulkhead forms of education. The present education favors the specialization, reason why there will be the necessity to introduce fundamental changes in the education systems. Nevertheless, the introduction of new training programs that provide a superficial study with several of these disciplines, without deepening too much in no of them, could not transmit the necessary training for the future challenges that the xanax overnight delivery will face. To manage the balance adapted between the specialization and the interdisciplinary training to need to investigation in the educative processes and the necessary forces of work. The education of the nano-scientists and nano-technologists will require of space facilities of laboratories that with complete free xanax will be expensive. Innovating solutions will have to be found like for example new valium vs xanax with the industry and the establishment of shared facilities of nano-manufacture between the universities, the schools of engineering, etc. The remote access with data with these facilities can provide a powerful tool that does not exist nowadays. In spite of the tremendous educative challenges, the intellectual, economic and social opportunities of the nano-technology will have to become a factor of weight for the stimulation of young students towards these scientific and technological disciplines.

Conclusions

The nano-technology will trasformará science, the technology and the society in essential form.

_ within 10 to 20 year a part significant of free xanax production industrial, the attention medical and the interaction with the environment change due to the use of the new technology. Branches of the human life in the planet will be affected as they are the development of the economy, the opportunities of work and use, viable and taken care of development and preservation of the environment among others. In order to be able to be preparations them changes and power to assimilate, to implement and to use the benefits of the new technologies that will be developed, all the community of scientists and technologists valium vs xanax include to all members and the members of the society in the study of the future manifestations of the changes that will come and in the definition of the valium vs xanax objectives to obtain. Also it will be valium vs xanax to be kind to the unexpected effects and ethical implications of the same with a view to being able to correct necessary in march. The nano-technology will be valium vs xanax we have confidence in it, to help to solve the urgent problems that we have in the world, like are the use of renewable energy sources and alternative, the climatic changes xanax overnight delivery they come near, the potable water use, the development of agriculture and the creation of viable ways of development.

Bibliography:

M.C. Rocco and free xanax Bainbridge eds., Societal Implications of free xanax and Nanotechnology, Proc of Workshop AT NSF, 2001.

M.C. Rocco, From vision to the implementation of the U.S. National Nano-technology
Initiative, Journal of Nano-particle Research 3, 5-11 (2001).

Mario Bunge, the scientific research, Publishing Social Sciences, 1972.

Jorge Núñez Jover, the science and its laws of development, social Problems of Science and the Technology, Tests GESOCYT, Editorial Felix Varela, University of Havana, Havana 1994.

Jorge valium vs xanax Jover, Science, technology and society, social Problems of valium vs xanax and the Technology, Tests GESOCYT, Editorial Felix Varela, University of Havana, Havana 1994.

Jorge Núñez Jover, University, investigation and postgraduate: new valium vs xanax and epistemic horizons, social Problems of valium vs xanax and the Technology, Tests GESOCYT, Editorial Felix Varela, University of Havana, Havana 1994.

Jorge Núñez Jover, social science and the technology like process. What the scientific education would not have to forget, Editorial Felix Varela, University of Havana, Havana 1999.

Dr. valium vs xanax Hernandez Rodriguez

Professor Investigador Independent University of the City of Mexico (UACM), Cuautepec Establishment, Mexico.