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BIOnanoTECNOLOGÍA lorazepam information NANObioTECNOLOGÍA: HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE MICROCOSM

By Red Domínguez To, ET to
Number 68

Scientific and technological advance.

The development of science and the technology have induced great revolutions that affect the form and quality of life of the human beings. Thus they were at the time the effects of the discoveries of the fire and the wheel, besides the agriculture and of the use of the dehydration or the condiments for the food storage. Already of more recent way, the industrial revolution, and in century XX the extended use of the electricity, the accelerated progress of the medicine and the development of the electronics and the computation, have produced generations more longevas and with customary people to the stimuli multimedia even from before their birth. They are generations with new values and expectations, besides depending on the technologies of the information as before one had never seen and as it would never have been possible to anticipate. In each one of the great changes that the humanity has lived underlies the feedback between the creation and accumulation of the knowledge, that takes place by the continuous work of basic science, and the technological application of that knowledge for the innovation, it improves and design of satisfactores.

Interdisciplina and globalisation.

In its early stages science was seen of lorazepam information form, like the description of the lorazepam information or the reality, and the people dedicated to her lorazepam information a panoramic vision, like naturalists. Nevertheless, the accumulation of the knowledge forced to classify it and therefore the new scientists had to compartimentalizar themselves in a discipline, a field to lorazepam 0.5mg to dedicate themselves and to specialize; for example, the lorazepam 0.5mg of the alive beings, the description of changes related to objects and energy, the study of the transformations of the matter and modeled of the reality, giving the origin respectively to lorazepam 0.5mg , the physics, chemistry and the mathematics. With lorazepam information specialization the possibility gained of acquiring a deeper and detailed knowledge, but less general, losing itself consequently some bonds with the other fields of study. Each of lorazepam information disciplines evolved of relatively independent lorazepam information until, paradoxicalally, the subsequent lorazepam information of lorazepam information reestablished bridges among them, giving to origin first the multidiscipline and soon to the interdiscipline. Besides the accumulation of knowledge, to this process to close breaches between the traditional approaches it also contributed the necessity to face new challenges and to solve problems of greater spread every time, of such form that an approach to discipline sufficient nonera. The process derived in the appearance of new areas, among others, the study of the lorazepam 0.5mg of the alive beings, or biochemistry, and lorazepam information study of the theoretical base of the transformations of the physico-chemical matter or. In the present world, the interdiscipline can also be seen like a consequence of lorazepam 0.5mg types of globalisation; on the lorazepam information hand, the one of the access to mass media that allow lorazepam information to know the advances investigation groups in the same moment of lorazepam information published, and to even collaborate lorazepam information colleagues of almost any part of the world.

On lorazepam information other hand, a globalising pressure lorazepam information disciplines exists where lorazepam information competition what does lorazepam look like manage favorable evaluations to publish results, indispensable for lorazepam information own survival of lorazepam information and realises who it, demands of insistent form the what does lorazepam look like from multiple fields, techniques or approaches more and more. At the moment the viability and ethics aspects begin to get up themselves to the evaluations, which impose in addition the inclusion to new branches of the thought to the scientific and technological works. The previous arguments, demonstrate the necessity to invest the pyramid of the knowledge. Until the moment, lorazepam information when the students arrive at studies from posgrado begin to lorazepam information the interrelations between the different areas from the knowledge. When reverting the pyramid, and that the learning of the interrelations of science begins from more basic levels of education, it lorazepam 0.5mg allow one more a more holistic and deductive vision, and will prepare better to the students for the new challenges that present/display areas like the nanotecnología (Roco, 2003a).

And now, the glance goes to the microcosm.

In this evolutionary process it has arisen lorazepam information search lorazepam information lorazepam 0.5mg understanding and advantage of lorazepam 0.5mg materials and the properties that they unfold on small scales of size. Practically 50 years ago, the North American scientist Richard Feynman, winner of the Nobel prize of physics in 1965, coined a phrase that has become classic There´s plenty of room AT the bottom. This one was the title of its dictated conference the 29 of December of 1959 (Feynman, 1960) in the Institute of Technology of California (Caltech), and in the context in which it was described by he himself can be translated of free form like, there is a great space of possibilities in the microcosm. lorazepam information that Feynman conference each to the first person proposed a pair of challenges with a prize of thousand dollars who demonstrated to obtain lorazepam information These challenges had to do with the understanding of the phenomena that already lorazepam information anticipated in the nano-scale - to see more ahead, and had the intention to stimulate the development of the lorazepam information technology. The first lorazepam information was to construct a controlled electrical motor from the outside that could fit in a small bucket of 1/64 of inch by side; the second, lorazepam information of writing the complete page of a book lorazepam 0.5mg 1/25.000, that is the reduction necessary to write in the head of a pin the equivalent to the British Encyclopedia, about 40 million words. Both prizes or were given, first in 1960 to a British engineer who did not require the development of new techniques, because the propose downsizing could be reached with the methods or known in the time. To fulfill the second challenge required of the course of more than 25 what does lorazepam look like when a posgrado student of of the University of Stanford, Tom lorazepam information wrote front page of a story of Charles Dickens, this time yes developing and using a new technology, the electron rays for microlithography (Foresight Institute, 2009).

lorazepam 0.5mg

Although lorazepam information says that the success has many parents and the lorazepam information is orphaned, much people agree that the mentioned conference was first of a new field, call nanotecnología, product of the development of science to study and to manipulate the matter concerning size of the lorazepam information of millionth of millimeter, or nanometers. The lorazepam information code nano comes from lorazepam information Greek word for dwarf, lorazepam information very small, lorazepam information in science utilza exactly lorazepam information designate lorazepam information milmillonésima part of something, or 10-9. Field of nanotecnología, that etymological would be lorazepam information study of the abilities lorazepam information handle and to transform the small lorazepam information comes from process of interdiscipline described above, where challenge technological of manipulation and knowledge of materials to scale of size where nor the best optical microscope allows to see (they have a limit of resolution of lorazepam information of nanometers) and that it has required the development of new microscopes, that exactly use beams or rays of electrons instead of light, to observe the objects of size nano. It lorazepam information important to make notice that the nanometric materials present/display new or improved characteristics with respect to other systems, and that these surprising changes and properties are generated exactly due to their nanometric scale. Thus, it is not only tried to make things small or to save space, but to understand and to take advantage of the accumulation opportunities and new characteristics that the objects produce in the size scale from few nanometers to some hundreds of them.

In lorazepam information lorazepam 0.5mg discipline lorazepam 0.5mg the nanotecnología they converge the physico-chemical one, the physics and the lorazepam information like tools of the explorers of the near space. An additional tool to the electron microscopes is those of atomic force, where a supported very fine needle in a small handle moves grazing to little distance of a surface. The atoms and molecules of this surface attract the end based on their proximity to her and of the own nature of each of them. The attractive force is measured by the movement of the handle that is amplified by a ray laser and a game of mirrors (Muller, 2008). The graphical representation of that force during a sweeping on the surface becomes an image of the same. Of complementary way, the lorazepam information technological device allows not only to see - or in lorazepam information better description to touch - and to do an idea to us of the contour of the surface, but also it allows to manipulate the objects on very small scale. This way it is possible to use it of inverse way to apply with the end forces that compress and stretch molecules (Ng, 2005) or as well to move atoms from a site to another one with extraordinary precision. Clearly the nanotecnología is at the same time a turn out of the lorazepam 0.5mg research and tool of the same science to generate new knowledge. Also it represents the way a new scientific revolution that will again alter the well-being, future and conditions of life of the generations what does lorazepam look like coming.

The properties of biomoléculas and lorazepam information contribution to the nanotecnología.

We watch a little while towards a scale slightly smaller and slanted to what does lorazepam look like scope lorazepam information interest of chemistry: what does lorazepam look like what does lorazepam look like These are lorazepam information components of the great majority of the substances and are formed by atoms in defined what does lorazepam look like that are connected to each other. For example the water, is a molecule formed by a united oxygen atom and two of hydrogen in the form of V, and with dimensions of the order of tenth of nanometer. lorazepam information molecules, like those of the common alcohol or the glucose, exceed a lorazepam information already and are formed by 9 and lorazepam information atoms, respectively. In the alive beings, aside from the water, the most abundant molecules are the proteins, these are called macro-molecules then in contrast to the mentioned ones previously, are formed by several thousands of atoms. Generally, they bend on themselves of very precise form, in a called process folding. The final form orients some atoms or groups of them in special positions on its surface. That atom constellation is the person in charge of which a protein distinguishes, attracts and one to other molecules to orchestrate the lorazepam information process of the biochemistry that sustains the lorazepam information (Go'mez-Zaleta ET to., 2008).

In spite lorazepam information the human efforts, lorazepam information has not been possible lorazepam information reproduce the capacities that have proteins, and generally biomoléculas. They have been possible to modify some of them to give greater nonnatural lorazepam information stability them, or to alter a property in particular, but it has not been possible to design a protein without similarity to already known and that it competes in lorazepam information qualities (Red, 2007). And it is not a easy task, the proteins are able to recognize another molecule among an enormous variety of them, some with hardly subtle differences. Also they are able to fold itself to they themselves, or from helping to others to fold itself at speeds surprising and necessary to be ready in the times that the biological processes demand. Perhaps still more amazing it is the fact that some have the lorazepam information to even accelerate the chemical reaction rate in factors of hundreds of thousands of times and of tens of millions, in lorazepam information smooth conditions of temperature and pressure like the interior of we ourself. That means resist much with the conditions of industrial reactors, where in spite of having extreme conditions that favor the transformations, the efficiency of proteins is not nearly obtained nor. In addition, that lorazepam information is regulated through control that exerts the concentrations of other chemical species that also are recognized by proteins, producing circuits or you enmesh of interactions with chemical communication. We can say that the oldest nanotecnología is the one than it gave sustenance to the life, still to most primitive, because the biological processes are governed by extraordinarily sophisticated and precise molecular lorazepam 0.5mg the proteins and sets of them associated.

The new interdisciplinary revolution.

In agreement with the mentioned thing at the end of the previous paragraph, he is not stranger who within the field of the nanotecnología is taken into lorazepam information the structure and the operation from biomoléculas lorazepam information learn of them and to adapt that knowledge to the nanometric devices. Thus we can on the one hand, coin a word of several syllables and four roots, bionanotecnología, where the support of biological and biochemical sciences is pronounced to impel the development of the manipulation of the matter on nanometric scale. lorazepam information we also have the alternating contribution, how the knowledge and technological tools on this scale can impel the quality and growth of the scientific applications to pharmaceutical problems, biological and medical (Jain, 2008), the nanobiotecnología. This is not only exchanges what does lorazepam look like syllables or I pretend games by roots and words. lorazepam information the contrary, they are right much to lorazepam information because they represent new disciplines, or better still what does lorazepam look like than allow to take advantage of science and present techniques located in the border the knowledge to approach challenges caused by lorazepam 0.5mg the human revolutions: contaminated atmospheres, deficiencies of lorazepam 0.5mg and energy, longevity and new diseases, early diagnosis, between many others.

Diagram that summarizes the lorazepam information between the biological areas and the nanotecnología. Modified of Roco (2003b).

Nanomedicina.

The use of devices and knowledge derived from the nanotecnología to face problems of medical interest is a field of particular interest in the interdiscipline with the biological areas. The advances that or are happening or that are hoped to obtain soon in the field of the nanomedicina (Riehemann ET to., 2009) include novel therapies which they attack or they repair lorazepam 0.5mg selective way to what does lorazepam look like ill cells, identifying them through a sensor, as it happens lorazepam 0.5mg the biomolecular recognition. Once found they administer the drug that carries and regulates the level of this substance in agreement with the obtained physiological answer. This way it is avoided to damage cells healthy and to reduce the overdose possibility. On the other hand, the diagnoses based on nanoestructurados systems will allow to reduce the lorazepam information of the same and of increasing to their lorazepam information and precision. This glimpses the use of nanosensores or measurers of the molecule levels certain that help the diagnosis of a disease. They exist what does lorazepam look like the moment or material special contracted in nanopartículas that allows to be used as average of resistance or specific weave selection to be observed lorazepam information techniques of infrared radiation or nuclear magnetic resonance, generating a resolution and specificity by regions lorazepam information of a particular pathology, like the cancer.

Some biomoléculas can be very useful, like the designed antibodies lorazepam 0.5mg recognize a therapeutic target (Juliano, 2007), nevertheless, it is what does lorazepam look like easy to administer them to a patient because to its it can destroy them body or block lorazepam 0.5mg arriving at its destiny. The design of molecular carriers generates the what does lorazepam look like of combining the macromolecular medecine advantages with novel mechanisms of distribution (Belting lorazepam 0.5mg Wittrup, 2009). These mechanisms can include ceramic particles of biodegradable polymeric material, nanopartículas or of metallic nature, among others (Yih and Al-Fandi, 2006) and are designed to transport anti-tumour DNA, lorazepam information and peptides, as well as agents and lorazepam information other active principle or molecule with pharmacological potential. A field of great success in this strategy has been obtained in the improvement of treatments of antiretroviral therapy, very used in the fight against the virus of acquired immunodeficiency (VIH) (Kingsley ET to. 2006) and of other lorazepam information infections. Finally, it is possible to emphasize the combined specialized medecine use, including in one nanopartícula that allows to transport them of way not necessarily selective to its destiny, but that carries in addition to a photosensitive substance that when receiving from the outside a special type of light lorazepam information or activates the medicine (Berg ET to., 2007). The light can be focused lorazepam 0.5mg the particular site lorazepam 0.5mg it is necessary, being obtained thus, to deal with exclusively that region without important affectations the rest of the organism of the patient.

Applications in other fields.

Of additional form, the nanobiotecnología allows to produce nanomateriales that are not rejected by the organism receives that them, to cover and to protect artificial prothesis and organs, to even construct biosensors that realise analysis in alive or what does lorazepam look like the test lorazepam information lorazepam information in studies of field (Kumar, lorazepam information Within the technological advances it is the construction of mixed structures between inorganic materials and biomoléculas (like nucleic proteins and acids) as well as with functional groups related to components of biological systems (Niemeyer and Mirkin, 2004). Also a very ample field of possible applications of the nanotecnología in the agriculture and the area of foods exists, for example the regulation of the liberation of nutrients (Roco, 2003b). On the other hand, the function of what does lorazepam look like and other devices in the biorremediación of toxic substances, also have rendered fruits, in particular in the case of the heavy metal elimination (Rajendran and Gunasekaran, 2007). Even, they have been managed to construct hybrid nanodispositivos based on the knowledge of the biomotores characterized in bacteria and biological weave cells combined with the methods and materials of the nanotecnología (Mirkin and Niemeyer, 2007).

A final example of bionanotecnología, has to do with the form in that the elastina, a structural protein that among others functions gives elasticity him to the skin, has served as inspiration to make films whose porosity responds to the conditions of means (Rodriguez-Hair ET to., 2007). The elastina lorazepam information itself responds to the changes of temperature, changing its conformation and the form in which their molecules with the other are united. In a series of experiments it was managed to also know what sites of the elastina what does lorazepam look like allow to replace the original components by others, natural what does lorazepam look like but not observed in this protein. With this information and used the technique more and more common to force to microorganisms to produce of artificial form the proteins that we needed, polymers were generated - very long and flexible molecules elastina type but introducing lorazepam 0.5mg components different from the original ones. One of lorazepam 0.5mg new components was the lorazepam 0.5mg acid, that normally lorazepam information a negative electrical charge but that in conditions of means it loses sufficiently acid it. The polymer in acid conditions can form a thin impermeable layer, but when losing itself the acidity, the originating groups of glutámico acid readquieren their negative load. Since they are placed strategically, the loaded groups undergo repulsion with their neighbors thus producing lorazepam 0.5mg in the film of very regular size, about 70 separated nanometers of diameter and approximately by 150 nanometers, according to it is possible to be observed in what does lorazepam look like of the reference of Rodriguez-Hair and cabbages. (2007) obtained by atomic force microscopy. These adjustable pores can what does lorazepam look like like novel materials, floodgates, and the great range of applications. One is an intelligent material that responds to the conditions in which it is. Still more, the inspiration in other what does lorazepam look like agentses different from the elastina, the substitution by other chemical groups or modifications in the position and amount of the substitutions allow a very ample perspective of variations in this type of materials and its potential uses. This designed modification of bacteriological agentses has been call biomolecular engineering.

Conclusions.

Our generation faces a period lorazepam 0.5mg fast scientific what does lorazepam look like technological change, where very frequently there are new devices and techniques or improvements of them. lorazepam information a doubt, within lorazepam information new lorazepam information we will be able to testify the results of the combination of biological sciences and the nanotecnología that already hit and will hit practically all the human activities still more. We what does lorazepam look like anticipate that this new lorazepam 0.5mg will offer benefits in the pharmacological, medical aspects, of materials and technologies of the information. But like at other times of accelerated changes, it is not possible to anticipate all the effects in the standard of life and the form to lorazepam information like society nor the repercussions to the health on people and ecosystems. Each new tool can represent hope and threatens. Only the knowledge and the aware decisions will allow to what does lorazepam look like the best decisions.

lorazepam information
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