Beginning
The NanoTECNOLOGIA IN the INVESTIGATION AGAINST the CANCER
By Melina Mud wall
Number 68
Summary
At the moment the cancer continues being one cheap levitra the main causes of deaths by disease international level cheap levitra cheap levitra Mexico enters is the first cause of deaths of women with buy levitra levitra online viagra and fourth in men with 6,4% between young people of 15 and 29 cheap levitra of age, whereas adults between the 30 and 59 years of age, the cancer becomes the third cause of death with 11,3% in men and the cheap levitra in women. In order buy levitra levitra online viagra develop to new strategies of prevention and treatments, some of the investigators in medicine areas, genetics and cellular Biology, among others, have reached the conclusion that the cancer to the being a multi-factor disease, must be studied from diverse approaches, that happening a merely biological study to which incorporates structural and mechanical properties of the cells, thus during the past few years have been developed multidisciplinary methodologies that reunite to the biological as well as technological advances such as the nanotecnología.
At the present time the nanotecnología has provided tools able to observe structures nanometric resolution and with the option to analyze the physical and mechanical properties cheap levitra the materials on this scale. So it is the case of the microscopes of sweeping by effect sounds (Scanning Probe Microscopy - SPM-), which can be used in environmental conditions and average liquids, allowing therefore the study of bacteriological agents as it is the case of the cancerous cells.
The incorporation of the nanotecnología is a relatively young field, reason why it has been necessary to realise adaptations to the equipment bestcablenu buy levitra site to develop new directed methodologies to the study of the bacteriological agents. By the previous thing in the present work one is the form in which the nanotecnología is being applied in cheap levitra to know details the structure and properties of plasmatic membranes of the cancerous cells, by means of the use of the atomic force microscopy (Atomic FORCE Microscopy), as well as the expectations to future that can be developed from these results.
Key words: Nanotecnología, Microscopy of atomic force, cellular membrane and cancerous cells.
Introduction
The nanotecnología is a new branch of buy levitra levitra online viagra science, which in general terms specializes in buy levitra levitra online viagra and manipulating atoms of the things. buy levitra levitra online viagra term was coined for the first time in 1959 buy levitra levitra online viagra the physicist Richard Feynman, when expressing that the problems of the area of the physics, chemistry and Biology could be solved if we were able buy levitra levitra online viagra see what we are doing at level atómico1. This reflection was retaken by the technologist Eric Drexler in 1980, when insinuating the cheap levitra of creating systems of engineering on molecular scale, since buy levitra levitra online viagra declared that Everything has to do with the cheap levitra in that the atoms are ordered: coal and diamonds, sand and processors of computer, cancer and healthy weave are examples of pairs of materials cheap levitra by the same atoms, nevertheless the variations in the order of this have differentiated cheap from expensive and healthy it of ill it the 2.
It is from these ideas that bestcablenu buy levitra site advances the development of the Nanotecnología has bestcablenu buy levitra site to the society a series of new products able to help us in the resolution of own problems of the present style of life or simply they have become cheap levitra that facilitate the daily activities to us. cheap levitra the nanotecnología not only provides major to us portability and capacity in electronic buy levitra levitra online viagra such as the cellular computers, televisions or telephones, also has provided us useful tools for the study of diseases, like the cancer.
The incorporation of the nanotecnología to the efforts to fight against this disease cheap levitra to the international preoccupation by the increase of the incidence of the cancer, since cheap levitra the moment it is the main cause of mortality, when attributing cheap levitra 7,9 million deaths happened in 2007 whereas in Mexico cheap levitra the third cause of death between the women cheap levitra 35 303 deaths cheap levitra and in the men it was fourth with 33 509 deaths (11,8%). By previous the World-wide Organization of the Health (the WHO), esteem that around 84 million people will die because of this disease between bestcablenu buy levitra site and 2015 in mundo3 [Figure 1]. In bestcablenu buy levitra site sense, the WHO proposes six modules of acción4 like effective measures to control the advance of the disease at world-wide level, between which it appears the early detection, with the purpose of to improve the detection, because the cancer is a treatable and curable disease if the treatment in early stages begins.
Problematic
The early detection buy levitra levitra online viagra cheap levitra cancer becomes difficult since at the beginning cheap levitra the neoplastic transformation, the presence of cancerous cells cannot be detected with clarity, nevertheless the weave already has undergone a series of alterations, which are less perceivable. Therefore, the identification of the suffering is not possible until the following stage of the disease, where the cancerous cells present/display a series of alterations majors, as much in its function as in its morphology [Figure 2]. Like hope before this problematic, in last decade has shortage that membrane cellular can to work like indicator of disease, since the membrane does not only constitute a physical barrier that it delimits to the cell, also is cheap levitra for a great variety of functions of cellular regulation, since he is able to catalyze several metabolic processes, thus the surface of the membrane reflects these alterations.
In cheap levitra cheap levitra of the cells that undergo neoplastic cheap levitra changes appear that affect the fosfolipídica nature of the bilayer, as a result of the activity cheap levitra of secretadas proteolytic enzymes towards means, combined to the fact that the generally transformed cells they own new proteins in the cellular surface, generating important structural changes in the membrane neoplastic.
Since cheap levitra cellular membrane study demands a series of conditions very especificas5 cheap levitra in this point where the nanotecnología has had capacity, allowing the analysis of this disease from a new perspective, which is oriented to the knowledge of the biomechanic and ultrastructural characteristics of membranes celulares6.
The cheap levitra Nanotecnología in Action: The Microscopy of Atomic force
This new approach occurs thanks to cheap levitra use of nanotecnológicas tools like the atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allows to the microtopographic study of the surfaces generating three-dimensional images of hi-res while he cheap levitra able to detect the presence of conductivas forces, as well as the mechanical properties such as adhesiveness, hardness, elasticity and resistance, without altering or damaging the surface of muestra7.
Although in their beginnings the AFM cheap levitra designed to realise studies of surfaces in inorganic material, cheap levitra the characteristics and reaches that east type of microscopy owns, in 1998 was used for the first time in analysis of bacteriological agents in a study in which the measurement of forces of interaction in the cellular surface stands out, the time in which presents/displays cellular adhesion, the influence of the pH, ionic strengths, effects in the presence of different substrata, how it affects during the service life of the cell the conditions of growth and the effects of cheap levitra of adhesión8,9. Other studies that have been realised are the measurement of mechanical properties of the cheap levitra focusing in the physical integrity of the bestcablenu buy levitra site following the conditions of means and to the activity in the different cellular stages. By means of the measurement of the mechanical properties of the cell (rigidity, plasticity and viscoelasticity), the changes can be determined that happen thus in certain conditions and, in the future, will be able to be known the paper each element of citoesqueleto10. Also it has penetrated in the quantification of binding forces in the interactions cheap levitra proteins, cells, complexes bind-receiving and cell-sustrato11.
The Investigation in Mexico
Since cheap levitra AFM is a relatively new and oriented microscopy to the analysis bestcablenu buy levitra site inorganic materials, the bestcablenu buy levitra site of new cheap levitra applicable to the bacteriological agents is necessary. Reason why one of the first obtained results is the development of modified substrates, from the use of metallic unilayers nanometric flat, able to resist the process of the cellular culture cheap levitra they lose the characteristics required for his analysis by AFM12.
Already determined the substrates in which the cellular cultures can be realised, for their buy levitra levitra online viagra analysis by AFM, cancer of breast (CaM) buy levitra levitra online viagra cervicouterino cancer were selected to cellular lines of (CaCu), because they are the first and second cause of deaths in women in Mexico by suffering neoplásico4.
When observing these cellular groups by AFM, have been able to identify to buy levitra levitra online viagra main structures of buy levitra levitra online viagra cell (nucleus and the nucleolus and the citoplásmica region), starting off of areas of analysis of 90x90µm and morfométricos data of the cellular volume have been obtained, by direct measurement of the cells, cheap levitra in the case of the volume of the cheap levitra presents/displays, apparently a relation with the malignización degree [3 Figure]. The obtaining of hi-res images has been obtained of until 1x1µm of area on the surface of the cellular membrane, observing the presence of invaginations and agglomerates of protein origin. These differences of rugosidad of the cheap levitra surface and the number of invaginations, were obtained by analysis of membranal topographic profile and denote that the membranes of cancerous cells are more cheap levitra and therefore structurally more fluid, due to the increase of speed that realise to obtain bestcablenu buy levitra site of their surroundings, thus to be able to maintain bestcablenu buy levitra site uncontrolled multiplication. Another parameter that has been evaluated is cheap levitra capacity of adhesion, which is smaller to the cheap levitra of a cell normal13 [Figure 4].
During the realised studies, not only they have been possible to determine differences between cancerous cells and noncancerous, also the differences between different types from cancer and highly aggressive cancers (called metastáticos) and those can be seen that are not it.
Expectations
From cheap levitra results the certainty that is had this cheap levitra of investigation in the nanomédica area, will be able to throw a great amount of new information about the structure of the cellular cheap levitra and that this could be cheap levitra in the future like a parameter more of detection in early stages of the disease. One of the points in which this working is the power to realise structural analyses at level nanométrico14 of the plasmatic membrane in physiological conditions, with the aim of knowing its behavior, as well as its reaction before medecines, in cheap levitra atmosphere nearer the one than would have being within the organism.
Some of the disadvantages of the study of cells cheers by AFM are: cheap levitra The white molecule is lost easily in the cellular membrane, the 2) molecules can present/display a low densidad when presenting/displaying a succession of interactions, and 3) the end of the microscope can be contaminated with cellular remainders during análisis15, among others thus also it is working in the cheap levitra of methodologies of visualization and analysis in cells cheers.
Bibliography
1. González H.J., (2004), cheap levitra scientific revolution of the advanced materials, Science and Development, 30, 178, 34-54.
2. Drexler E., (1986), Engines of Creation. The ERA of Nanotechnology, Ed. Oxford, bestcablenu buy levitra site 1er Ed., England.
3. World-wide organization cheap levitra the Health (2009). Cancer. Descriptive note N°297. Reviewed the 6 of January of 2009 in: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/es/index.html
4. World-wide organization of the Health (2009). World-wide day against the Cancer. Reviewed the 8 of January of 2009 in: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/
annual/world_cancer_day/es/index.html
5. cheap levitra Ian R. (1994), Culture of Cells Animal: To cheap levitra of BASIC technique, 4 cheap levitra Wiley-Liss.
6. Sergei N. Magonov, Myung-Hwan Whangbo, (1996), Surface Analysis with STM and AFM: Experimental and theoretical aspects of image analysis. Weinheim; New York; buy levitra levitra online viagra Cambrige; Tokyo: VCH.
7. cheap levitra G., Quate C.F. & Gerber CH., (1986), Atomic FORCE Microscope, Physical Review Letters, 56, 9, 930-933.
8. Morris V.J., Kirby A.R. & Cunning A.P., (1999), Atomic FORCE for Microscopy Biologists. to 1er ed., Imperal College Press.
9. Camesano T.A., cheap levitra M.J., Logan B.E., (2000), Observation of cheap levitra in Bacterial Cell Morphology Using Tapping Mode Atomic FORCE Microscopy, Langmuir, 16, 4563-4572.
10. Sagvolden G., Giaever I., Pettersen E.O., and ERDF J., (1999), Cell adhesion FORCE microscopy, Biophysics, 96, 2, 471-476.
11. Petri cheap levitra Guillaume T.Charras, Sephen A.Nesbitt and Mike A.Horton, (2000), for New technologies in scanning probe microscopy studying molecular interactions in cells, Cambridge University Press.
12. Mud wall Mud wall M., (2005), Microtopográfico Analysis of the Cellular Line HeLa by Microscopy of Atomic force, Dissertation of bestcablenu buy levitra site nonpublished, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnical Institute, Mexico, Federal District.
13. Mud wall T.M., Ramon G.E., Batina N., (2007), Nanoestructura cheap levitra properties of the plasmatic membrane of HeLa cells by atomic force microscopy cheap levitra Respyn-Magazine Health Publish and Nutrition, 7, 1-11.
14. Velegol S.B., Pardi S., Li X., Velegol D. and Logan B.E., (2003), AFM Imaging Artifacts due to Bacterial Cell Height and AFM tip Geopmetry, Langmuir, 19, 851-857.
15. Simon A., Cohen-Bouhacina T., cheap levitra carried M.C., Aimé J.P., Amédée J., Bareille R. and Baquery C., (2003), Characterization of Dynamic Cellular Adhesion of Osteoblasts cheap levitra Atomic FORCE Microscopy, Inter-American Wiley-Liss, 54, 36-47.
Images
Figure 1. Incidence of death in Mexico by different types from cancer in women and men until cheap levitra 2007.
Figure 2. Comparison of morphologic characteristics of normal cells and cancerous in the first stages of the disease. These differences occur once it has happened the neoplastic transformation.
Figure 3. Image cheap levitra complete cell of cervicouterino cancer by atomic cheap levitra microscopy. The cell measures 68µm of length, 32 µm of width with a height of 2,7 µm.
Figure cheap levitra Image of surface of cheap levitra plasmatic membrane of cell of cheap levitra cancer by atomic force microscopy. The cheap levitra of the membrane surface is observed like small oval substructures in all the surface.
Melina Mud wall Mud wall
Metropolitan Independent university, Iztapalapa Establishment, Mexico Federal District.
Member buy levitra levitra online viagra Laboratory of Nanotecnología and Molecular Ingeniería, the Department of Chemistry of the Division of Basic Sciences and buy levitra levitra online viagra (DCBI) and student of the doctorate in Experimental Biology pertaining to the Division of Biological Sciences and of the Health, Mexico.
|
